{"id":90244,"date":"2021-02-27T19:12:26","date_gmt":"2021-02-27T18:12:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/?post_type=artykuly&#038;p=90244"},"modified":"2021-02-27T20:29:53","modified_gmt":"2021-02-27T19:29:53","slug":"provincial-governorship-in-ancient-rome","status":"publish","type":"artykuly","link":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/article\/provincial-governorship-in-ancient-rome\/","title":{"rendered":"Provincial governorship in ancient Rome"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_87 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Chapters<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/article\/provincial-governorship-in-ancient-rome\/#first-roman-province-%e2%80%93-sicily\" >First Roman Province &#8211; Sicily<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/article\/provincial-governorship-in-ancient-rome\/#roman-provinces\" >Roman provinces<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/article\/provincial-governorship-in-ancient-rome\/#governorship-during-the-republic\" >Governorship during the Republic<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/article\/provincial-governorship-in-ancient-rome\/#duties-of-governors\" >Duties of governors<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/article\/provincial-governorship-in-ancient-rome\/#abuses-of-governors\" >Abuses of governors<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/article\/provincial-governorship-in-ancient-rome\/#trial-of-gaius-verres-governor-of-sicily\" >Trial of Gaius Verres, governor of Sicily<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/article\/provincial-governorship-in-ancient-rome\/#governorship-during-the-empire\" >Governorship during the Empire<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/article\/provincial-governorship-in-ancient-rome\/#governorship-during-the-late-empire\" >Governorship during the late empire<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/article\/provincial-governorship-in-ancient-rome\/#assumption-of-office-by-a-governor-in-the-late-empire\" >Assumption of office by a governor in the late empire<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/article\/provincial-governorship-in-ancient-rome\/#the-governors-office\" >The governor&#8217;s office<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p>The Roman state, during its five centuries of existence, conquered the entire Apennine peninsula, and its last victim was the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/krainy-sasiednie-rzymu\/ludy-italskie\/etruskowie\/\">Etruscan<\/a> city of Volsinii in 264 BCE. The same year, <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-geography\/roman-cities\/rome-eternal-city\/\">Rome<\/a> came into conflict with another power in the Mediterranean &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/krainy-sasiednie-rzymu\/kartagina\/\">Carthage<\/a>, which caused major changes in the administrative structures of the state &#8211; namely the creation of the first province. <!--more--><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"first-roman-province-%e2%80%93-sicily\"><\/span>First Roman Province &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/prowincje-rzymskie\/spis-prowincji-rzymskich\/sycylia-rzymska\/\">Sicily<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>As a result of a long war (the so-called <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wojny\/wojny-punickie\/i-wojna-punicka\/\">First Punic War<\/a>), which lasted until 241 BCE, Rome captured three islands at the expense of Carthage: <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/prowincje-rzymskie\/spis-prowincji-rzymskich\/sycylia-rzymska\/\">Sicily<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-geography\/roman-provinces\/list-of-roman-provinces\/roman-sardinia-and-corsica\/\">Sardinia<\/a> and Corsica. <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/curiosities\/underfloor-heating-system-in-villa-romana-del-casale-sicily\/\">Sicily<\/a> (<em>Sicilia<\/em>) &#8211; with the exception of a few cities that gained autonomy (e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-geography\/roman-cities\/syracuse\/\">Syracuse<\/a>, Messana, Segesta, Panormos, Centuripe) &#8211; became Rome&#8217;s first province in CE 241, with the other two islands becoming part of another in 225 BCE, known as <em>Corsica et Sardinia.<\/em> Being a province meant submitting yourself (<em>deditio<\/em>) to Rome.<\/p>\n<p>The first move against Sicily was to start collecting a tenth of the harvest tribute. Then a <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-constitution\/roman-republic\/roman-offices\/praetor\/\">praetor<\/a> was appointed for the residents and a separate one for the newcomers. It was not until 227 BCE that a praetor was appointed for Sicily to oversee relations between the Romans and the locals. He was elected by committees and additionally received financial support from quaestors. This type of provincial organization became a model for successive acquisitions.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-center \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/republika-rzymska-przed-ii-wojna-punicka-640x469.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/republika-rzymska-przed-ii-wojna-punicka-640x469.jpg 640w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/republika-rzymska-przed-ii-wojna-punicka-400x293.jpg 400w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/republika-rzymska-przed-ii-wojna-punicka.jpg 720w\"                alt=\"The Roman Republic before the Second Punic War\"\n                width=\"600\"\n                height=\"440\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/republika-rzymska-przed-ii-wojna-punicka.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"Roman Republic before World War II punicka.\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-constitution\/roman-republic\/\">Roman Republic<\/a> before World War II punicka.            <\/div>\n        \n                    <div class=\"chmurka\">\n                Author: Grandiose | Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license            <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"roman-provinces\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/prowincje-rzymskie\/\">Roman provinces<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The province incorporated into the Empire was determined by an appropriate act (<em>lex provinciae<\/em>). The same document regulated the situation of the individual <b><a title=\"Towns in Ancient Rome-Roman Cities\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/miasta-rzymskie\/\">towns<\/a><\/b> within the province. Some of them were provided only by the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/\">army<\/a>, others did not pay taxes or had their own judiciary. In short, the law: (1) divided the province into regions; (2) establish taxes and designate tax districts; (3) it divided the province into judicial units; (4) defined the relations between the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-constitution\/roman-republic\/roman-offices\/roman-senate\/\">senate<\/a>, officials and assemblies. Unregulated matters were supplemented with the edicts of the governor.<\/p>\n<p>The main task of the province was to keep Rome, or rather the Roman people, which was most often manifested in the so-called <b>grain levy.<\/b> The townspeople were also obliged to pay taxes.<br \/>\nIt should be noted that the word <em>provincia<\/em> meant a certain range of powers of attorney of an official that had been entrusted to him.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"governorship-during-the-republic\"><\/span>Governorship during the Republic<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The election of the governor during the republic was made from among the former <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/ustroj\/republika-rzymska\/urzedy-rzymskie\/konsul-rzymski\/\">consuls<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/ustroj\/republika-rzymska\/urzedy-rzymskie\/pretor\/\">praetors<\/a> (the so-called proconsuls or propretors) by lot or by appointment of the Senate. It should be noted, however, that the election to the office had no legal support and the election could have been blocked by the Roman congregation. Typically, senior officials took over the governorship of the provinces in which they operated or were not fully conquered and required their continued involvement.<\/p>\n<p>Due to their inferior position in relation to consuls, the procurators usually received &#8220;little problematic&#8221; provinces, which did not require large powers from the official. However, it was not a rule and there were exceptions. By contrast, proconsuls usually received peripheral provinces that were vulnerable to attacks or required a permanent military detachment. Consuls were often responsible for provinces that were still not fully conquered.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"duties-of-governors\"><\/span>Duties of governors<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The duties of Roman governors can be divided into four categories:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The governor was <strong>the highest judicial authority<\/strong> in the province. He could have ordered the death penalty; moreover, the most important things were happening only before him. It was possible to appeal against the governor&#8217;s sentence only in Rome before the praetor or later the emperor; of course, however, the journey had to be taken into account, and therefore a considerable cost.<\/li>\n<li>Both proconsuls and prophets, taking the office of governor, had <strong><em>imperium<\/em><\/strong>, that is <strong>the right to command an army<\/strong>. Their authority was confirmed by their accompanying <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/ustroj\/republika-rzymska\/liktor\/\">liqueurs<\/a>: the proprietor was entitled to 6; to the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-constitution\/roman-republic\/roman-offices\/proconsul\/\">proconsul<\/a>, either the 6th or the 12th. During the Empire, the less important provinces had <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wojsko\/jednostki-armii-rzymskiej\/auxilia\/\">auxilia troops<\/a> as garrison; the border and security-relevant provinces of the Empire had legions. The military forces were supposed not only to protect against external threats but also to suppress all revolts and ensure the maintenance of stable power and public order.<\/li>\n<li>The governor, as a representative of the Senate, <strong>supervised<\/strong> the collection of Rome and its citizen&#8217;s <strong>taxes from the provincial inhabitants<\/strong>. Lower local authorities and private entrepreneurs, the so-called <em>publicani<\/em>. Sometimes, in order to improve the financial situation, it was decided to release new coins or transfer funds from public institutions, such as: temples.<\/li>\n<li>The governor also supervised <strong>finances, construction<\/strong>, kept order and ensured good communication within the province.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In his rule, the governor relied on the help of officials who were referred to as <em>comites<\/em>. Depending on the complexity and the level of importance of the tasks, the governor&#8217;s court could have been proportionally larger. Governor&#8217;s assistants dealt with specific issues and included particular ministries.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, in really important provinces, the governor could count on the support of <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/ustroj\/republika-rzymska\/urzedy-rzymskie\/kwestor\/\">quaestor<\/a>, who was delegated from Rome to supervise finances and sometimes even command the army. Sometimes, depending on the needs, the governor could also allocate small portions of the provinces for administration\/control to prefects, prosecutors, or <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wojsko\/dowodztwo-rzymskie\/\">legates<\/a> (<em>legati<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"abuses-of-governors\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/artykul\/system-wyborczy-i-korupcja-w-antycznym-rzymie\/\">Abuses<\/a> of governors<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The ambitious politicians of Rome, wanting to achieve glory and high social position, very often used corruption and bribes to take up new positions. For this purpose, they often got into debt. It was no different with taking the office of governor. Connections and bribing senators allowed politicians to take over the management of truly rich provinces. As you might expect, collecting taxes was quite a lucrative activity, which often led to <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/artykul\/system-wyborczy-i-korupcja-w-antycznym-rzymie\/\">abuses<\/a>. The inhabitants of the province were forced to pay large taxes and bribes to the governor so that he could pay off his debts and accumulate private fortunes. To prevent this from happening, in <span class=\"underlined\">149 BCE <\/span>under <em><b>Lex Calpurnia<\/b><\/em> a tribunal was established for the acceptance of bribes by officials (<em>queationes perpetuae de rebus repetundis<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>In practice, however, the governor&#8217;s power, for the duration of his mandate, was practically unlimited in the province, and for possible offenses, he was rarely affected by consequences. This was due to his <em>imperium<\/em> which guaranteed immunity from the courts. However, after leaving office, provincial representatives could file a complaint on behalf of their compatriots and bring a lawsuit against the governor. A great example is the trial of the governor of Sicily, Verres.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"trial-of-gaius-verres-governor-of-sicily\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/artykul\/proces-namiestnika-sycylii-gajusza-werresa\/\">Trial of Gaius Verres, governor of Sicily<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The trial of Gaius Verres, governor of Sicily for fraud in 70 BCE is the best described and source-presented event showing the degree of corruption of Roman officials and the use of provinces for their own selfish needs and the desire to get rich. <span id=\"more-19570\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Most of the information about Verres himself and his trial comes from the preserved letters and accusatory speeches of <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/cicero\/\">Cicero<\/a>. No notes or notes have survived from the defense side. Naturally, this raises the suspicion of a one-sided depiction of history, but even apart from many dubious claims of Cicero, it is certain that Verres was an example of a man corrupted and exploiting the inhabitants of Sicily on a large scale.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-center \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/mapa-ukazujaca-sycylie-640x524.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/mapa-ukazujaca-sycylie-640x524.jpg 640w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/mapa-ukazujaca-sycylie-400x327.jpg 400w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/mapa-ukazujaca-sycylie.jpg 1200w\"                alt=\"Roman Sicily\"\n                width=\"600\"\n                height=\"491\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/mapa-ukazujaca-sycylie.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"Roman Sicily was the province that produced the most crops during the time of Cicero; until the creation of the province of Egypt, in 30 BCE.\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-geography\/roman-provinces\/list-of-roman-provinces\/roman-sicily\/\">Roman Sicily<\/a> was the province that produced the most crops during the time of Cicero; until the creation of the province of Egypt, in 30 BCE.            <\/div>\n        \n                    <div class=\"chmurka\">\n                Creative Commons Attribution license - On the same terms 3.0.            <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/prowincje-rzymskie\/spis-prowincji-rzymskich\/sycylia-rzymska\/\">Sicily<\/a> was an important Roman province that provided the state with enormous grain supplies and was sometimes referred to as the &#8220;storehouse of the empire.&#8221; The assumption of the governorship of Sicily by Gaius Verres in 73 BCE was a real ennoblement, and for him himself a great opportunity to get rich. During the three years of his rule, Verres, in line with Cicero&#8217;s speech, committed the following offenses:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>abuse of judicial powers and unlawful sentences;<\/li>\n<li>enforcement of agricultural taxes;<\/li>\n<li>confiscation of works of art and private and public goods;<\/li>\n<li>mismanaged fleet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In the case of <b>judicial abuses<\/b>, Verres showed real disrespect. He ordered to pay himself bribes if he wanted to obtain a favorable sentence; he intimidated judges during the trial, he also threatened them with death; falsified court records, the number of witnesses; ordered to give false testimony; decided about the choice of priests. Moreover, Verres ordered the Sicilian cities to set aside money to build public statues. The part of the money that was not used was transferred to the private account of the governor.<\/p>\n<p>The trial was Cicero&#8217;s &#8220;springboard&#8221; on the political scene. Cicero, leading the case and leading to the conviction of Verres, won a great victory that allowed him to obtain the title of the greatest orator and lawyer of Rome. This event also gave him a chance to develop his political career: in 66 CE he became a praetor, and in 63 BCE he became a <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-constitution\/roman-republic\/roman-offices\/roman-consul\/\">consul<\/a>. It was a great achievement for a man who did not come from the senatorial circle, the so-called <em><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/ciekawostka\/pogardliwe-homo-novus\/\">homo novus<\/a><\/em> (the &#8220;new man&#8221;).<\/p>\n<p>According to the verdict, Verres was forced to go into exile in Massalia, where he died after 27 years. Some of the valuables he had stolen went with him to southern Galli.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"governorship-during-the-empire\"><\/span>Governorship during the Empire<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>With the successive conquests of the Roman state, the number of provinces at the head of which officials had to sit grew. To this end, in 52 BCE, <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/gnejusz-pompejusz-wielki\/\">Pompey the Great<\/a> passed the law of <i>Lex Pompeia de provinciis<\/i>, which required former praetors and consuls to assumption, five years after the end of his office, to the governorship of the Roman province.<\/p>\n<p>With <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/oktawian-august\/\">Octavian Augustus<\/a> &#8216; victory in the civil war over <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/marek-antoniusz\/\">Mark Antony<\/a> and <a href=\"\/?p=78443&amp; p=18420 \">Cleopatra<\/a> in 30 BCE there was a transformation of the Republic into the so-called <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/ustroj\/cesarstwo-rzymskie\/pryncypat\/\">Pryncypat<\/a>. August concentrated in his hands most of the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-constitution\/roman-republic\/roman-offices\/\">offices<\/a> and titles that guaranteed him a priority in the state while maintaining the appearance of the continuity of the former system. In order to secure his position, <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/augustus\/\">Augustus<\/a> divided the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-geography\/roman-provinces\/\">Roman provinces<\/a> into two types:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>imperial provinces<\/b> &#8211; provinces where the nominal governor (in the rank of proconsul) on behalf of the senate and the Roman people was the emperor. In practice, the administration of the imperial provinces was exercised by legates (the so-called <b><i>Legati Augusti pro praetore<\/i><\/b>) who were freely appointed and dismissed by the emperor. These provinces were most often the borders of the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-constitution\/roman-empire\/\">Roman Empire<\/a>; on them, the legions that were under the direct authority of the emperor were stationed.<\/li>\n<li><b>Senate provinces<\/b> &#8211; these provinces were owned by the Roman people and were far from <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/limes\/\">Limes<\/a>. Due to the fact that they were not threatened, they did not require military troops, which was to limit the possibility of the Senate taking power from the emperor. Only <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/ustroj\/republika-rzymska\/urzedy-rzymskie\/senat-rzymski\/\">Senate<\/a> had the power to appoint governors (<em>proconsuli<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"center\" style=\"vertical-align: text-top;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #f2ebeb;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"podtytul\">Division of Roman provinces during the early empire<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: text-top;\" width=\"50%\">\n<p class=\"male3\">In 14 CE, the <span class=\"underlined\">senate provinces<\/span>(<em>provincia populi Romani<\/em>) were:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/prowincje-rzymskie\/spis-prowincji-rzymskich\/achaja-rzymska\/\">Achaea<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/prowincje-rzymskie\/spis-prowincji-rzymskich\/afryka-rzymska\/\">Africa<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/prowincje-rzymskie\/spis-prowincji-rzymskich\/azja-mniejsza-rzymska\/\">Asia<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Creta et <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/prowincje-rzymskie\/spis-prowincji-rzymskich\/cyrenajka-rzymska\/\">Cyrene<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/prowincje-rzymskie\/spis-prowincji-rzymskich\/cypr-rzymski\/\">Cyprus<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Gallia Narbonensis<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/prowincje-rzymskie\/spis-prowincji-rzymskich\/hiszpania-rzymska\/\">Hispania Baetica<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/prowincje-rzymskie\/spis-prowincji-rzymskich\/macedonia-rzymska\/\">Macedonia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-geography\/neighboring-lands-around-ancient-rome\/pontus\/\">Pontus<\/a> et Bithynia<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/prowincje-rzymskie\/spis-prowincji-rzymskich\/sycylia-rzymska\/\">Sicilia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: text-top;\" width=\"50%\">\n<p class=\"male3\"><span class=\"underlined\">The imperial provinces<\/span>(<em>provintiae Caesaris<\/em>) were at different times:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/krainy-sasiednie-rzymu\/egipt-starozytny\/\">Aegyptus<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Alpes Cottiae<\/li>\n<li>Alpes Maritimae<\/li>\n<li>Alpes Poenninae<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/prowincje-rzymskie\/spis-prowincji-rzymskich\/cylicja-rzymska\/\">Cilicia<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Dalmatia<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/prowincje-rzymskie\/spis-prowincji-rzymskich\/galacja-rzymska\/\">Galatia<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Gallia Aquitania<\/li>\n<li>Gallia Belgica<\/li>\n<li>Gallia Lugdunensis<\/li>\n<li>Germania Inferior<\/li>\n<li>Germania Superior<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/prowincje-rzymskie\/spis-prowincji-rzymskich\/hiszpania-rzymska\/\">Hispania Tarraconensis<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Lusitania<\/li>\n<li>Moesia<\/li>\n<li>Noricum<\/li>\n<li>Pannonia<\/li>\n<li>Raetia<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/prowincje-rzymskie\/spis-prowincji-rzymskich\/sardynia-korsyka-rzymska\/\">Corsica et Sardinia<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Syria<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-center \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/RomanEmpire_117.svg_.png\"\n                                alt=\"The Roman Empire in 117 CE\"\n                width=\"700\"\n                height=\"514\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/RomanEmpire_117.svg_.png\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"The Roman Empire in 117 CE with the division into senatorial and imperial provinces.\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                The Roman Empire in 117 CE with the division into senatorial and imperial provinces.            <\/div>\n        \n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<p>Governorship during the early empire usually lasted from 1 to 5 years, although there was no rule on this matter.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to legates, propretors and proconsuls, the provinces could be governed by the aforementioned prefects, who were originally of a rather military character, e.g. <i>praefectus castrorum<\/i>(<a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/roman-camp\/\">camp<\/a> prefect). However, due to the <em>mandatum<\/em> (special task) they could receive additional duties, including civil duties, thanks to the emperor. A great example of a prefect is the famous <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/poncjusz-pilat\/\">Pontius Pilate<\/a>, who ruled over Judea. It is also worth mentioning Egypt, which during the times of the Empire became the private property of the emperor, and his supervision was carried out by trusted people appointed by him. In <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/krainy-sasiednie-rzymu\/egipt-starozytny\/\">Egypt<\/a>, the so-called <em>praefectus Aegypti<\/em>, who was <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/spoleczenstwo\/warstwy-spoleczne-starozytnego-rzymu\/ekwici\/\">equine<\/a>.<br \/>\nIt is worth mentioning that since the end of the republic, the equites achieved really high positions in the Roman state. Originally, they were mainly engaged in tax collection, which allowed them to accumulate considerable wealth; however, their ambitions grew over time, which led, for example, to the elevation to the throne of <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/wespazjan\/\">Vespasian<\/a>, who came precisely from the equite state.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-center \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/779px-Eccehomo1.jpg\"\n                                alt=\"Ecce Homo, Antonio Ciseri\"\n                width=\"600\"\n                height=\"462\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/779px-Eccehomo1.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"Ecce Homo, Antonio Ciseri. Pontius Pilate presenting the scourged Jesus of Nazareth to the inhabitants of Jerusalem.\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                <em>Ecce Homo<\/em>, Antonio Ciseri. <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/pontius-pilate\/\">Pontius Pilate<\/a> presenting the scourged Jesus of Nazareth to the inhabitants of Jerusalem.            <\/div>\n        \n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<p>In time, some governors of the provinces were called procurators (<em>procuratores<\/em>), who had only civil power. Their duties began to be limited to tax collection (three times a year), maintaining public order and exercising judicial power. The army was in the hands of legates and other commanders.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"governorship-during-the-late-empire\"><\/span>Governorship during the late empire<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>With the assumption of power by <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/dioklecjan\/\">Diocletian<\/a> in 284 CE, there is a new period in the history of the Empire, when full power is concentrated in the hands of the emperor and the Senate loses all influence &#8211; the so-called. <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/ustroj\/cesarstwo-rzymskie\/dominat\/\">dominate<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>This emperor was also famous for dividing power between four rulers who had a different area to control. It was the so-called <a title=\"Tetrarchy\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/ustroj\/cesarstwo-rzymskie\/dominat\/\">tetrarchy<\/a>, which in Greek means &#8220;rule of four&#8221;. The decision to separate responsibility for given regions resulted from the need to act quickly in the face of growing problems in the huge Empire. The tetrarchy did not formally divide the territory of the empire between the rulers, each of them was the emperor of the entire empire, but the tasks assigned to them concerning specific areas:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/diocletian\/\">Diocletian<\/a><\/b>, Augustus of the East, controlled the lands of Asia and Egypt, his capital was Nikomedia;<\/li>\n<li><b>Galerius<\/b>, <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/curiosities\/caesar-queen-of-nicomedes\/\">Caesar<\/a> of the East, controlled the Danube area, mainly from <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-geography\/roman-cities\/sirmium\/\">Sirmium<\/a> on the Sava;<\/li>\n<li><b>Maximian<\/b>, Augustus of the West, dealt with matters of Italy, <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-geography\/romes-contacts-with-africa-and-far-east\/\">Africa<\/a> and Spain, first from Aquileia and then from Milan;<\/li>\n<li><b>Constantius<\/b>, Caesar of the West, looked after Gaul and Britain from the capital of Trier.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In addition, in 293 CE Diocletian began an administrative reform which was finally completed by <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/konstantyn-wielki\/\">Constantine I<\/a> in 318 CE. The reform involved the separation of 12 dioceses (from the Greek word <em>dioikesis,<\/em> meaning &#8220;jurisdiction&#8221;), each containing several provinces that were governed by vicars (<em>vicarius<\/em>) of the equite estate. The provinces were now also called <em>eparchies<\/em> (Greek), and the governors governing them had different names: <em>proconsul, corrector provinciae, moderator provinciae<\/em> or <em>praeses provinciae<\/em>.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-center \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/podzial-imperium-rzymskiego-na-diecezje-w-roku-300-ne-640x442.png\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/podzial-imperium-rzymskiego-na-diecezje-w-roku-300-ne-640x442.png 640w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/podzial-imperium-rzymskiego-na-diecezje-w-roku-300-ne-400x276.png 400w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/podzial-imperium-rzymskiego-na-diecezje-w-roku-300-ne.png 800w\"                alt=\"The division of the Roman Empire into dioceses in 300 CE\"\n                width=\"600\"\n                height=\"414\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/podzial-imperium-rzymskiego-na-diecezje-w-roku-300-ne.png\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"The division of the Roman Empire into dioceses in 300 CE.\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                The division of the Roman Empire into dioceses in 300 CE.            <\/div>\n        \n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<p>During the independent reign of Constantine (324-337 CE) another function was allocated &#8211; <em>dux &#8211;<\/em> army commander, mainly in the border provinces. Even troops from several provinces could be under his control. For military operations in the field, <em>comesa<\/em> was in command, soon replaced by <em>magistri militum &#8211;<\/em> powerful influences in the late Empire.<\/p>\n<p>As you can see, there was a clear separation of civil and military power, which was intended to protect against further revolts of ambitious politicians, as was the case in the 3rd century CE.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/constantine-i-the-great\/\">Constantine I<\/a> further administrative division and created three prefectures:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Gaul<\/li>\n<li>Italy, Africa and Illyria<\/li>\n<li>East<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Each was governed by the <em>praetorio<\/em> prefect appointed by the emperor. The prefect was the superior of vicars and provincial governors and was directly subordinate to the ruler. He was in charge of the judiciary, finances and tax collection of the prefecture.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-center \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/podzial-imperium-rzymskiego-w-roku-400-ne-640x440.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/podzial-imperium-rzymskiego-w-roku-400-ne-640x440.jpg 640w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/podzial-imperium-rzymskiego-w-roku-400-ne-400x275.jpg 400w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/podzial-imperium-rzymskiego-w-roku-400-ne.jpg 800w\"                alt=\"The division of the Roman Empire in 400 CE\"\n                width=\"600\"\n                height=\"413\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/podzial-imperium-rzymskiego-w-roku-400-ne.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"The division of the Roman Empire in 400 CE\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                The division of the Roman Empire in 400 CE            <\/div>\n        \n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"assumption-of-office-by-a-governor-in-the-late-empire\"><\/span>Assumption of office by a governor in the late empire<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>From the 2nd century CE, there was a norm that forbade a person born in a given place to govern a province. Its application also took place at a later time, but it seems that the letter of the law could be omitted or simply dead. Interestingly, during his mandate, the governor could not leave the province.<\/p>\n<p>There were no educational or skill requirements for the candidate. To a large extent, the main role was played by the position of a person in the Empire, the trust the emperor had in a given person, or possibly favorable opinions among advisers about him. Very often the governorship was also obtained as a result of recommendations (<em>suffragium<\/em>). Here it was important to have some kind of patron or trusted man; bribes were also an inseparable element.<\/p>\n<p>The governors had different titles: <em>praesides, correctores, consulares<\/em> or <em>proconsules,<\/em> with the first having the lowest rank and the last the highest. However, other terms appear in scientific works and sources: <em>moderator, rector<\/em> or <em>index ordinarius<\/em>. Depending on the rank, they were entitled to remuneration: (1) either in the form of grain (<em>annona<\/em>), fodder (<em>capitus<\/em>), other products (<em>cellaria);<\/em> (2) or in the form of gold. Of course, apart from the salary, the governor could personally improve his finances through additional fees or bribes and the separation of lower offices.<\/p>\n<p>There were no clear requirements for the governor&#8217;s term of office; however, known contemporary research suggests that the average management board-lasted two years. It seems, then, that the governor lost importance in relation to the early empire; proof of this thesis is the fact that the governors lost &#8211; with the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine &#8211; the right to command the army, and their activities focused only on the civil aspect. Duties focused mainly on supervision of the judiciary (both civil and criminal cases) and tax collection (in products and money). In the case of the judiciary, the governor&#8217;s judgment could be appealed against to the prefect or vicar, or even the emperor. Governors were also ordered to collect taxes legally and not oppressively. All actions towards the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-society\/population-of-roman-empire\/\">population<\/a> were controlled by senior officers &#8211; here various names appear: <em>palatinii, canonicarii, tractatores<\/em> or <em>compulsores<\/em>. Extortion and ineffectiveness were punished.<\/p>\n<p>The governor&#8217;s seat was located in <em>praetorium<\/em>, where there was also a courtroom, office, archives and a prison. An inseparable part of the governor&#8217;s work was the visit and control of individual towns in the province.<\/p>\n<p>While fulfilling his functions, the governor largely relied on the local elites with whom he had to maintain regular contact. A great example are the letters (almost 1500 have been preserved) of Libanius &#8211; orator and philosopher from Antioch from the 4th century CE &#8211; which are a real treasury of knowledge about life in those times, especially in Syria. His writings bear witness to how this world was like ours today; for example, Libanius repeatedly describes attempts to &#8220;settle&#8221; certain things for acquaintance, correspondence with successive governors of Syria.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"the-governors-office\"><\/span>The governor&#8217;s office<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The office of governor (<em>officium<\/em>) was responsible for many things. On average, one hundred people worked in the office, but in the case of larger provinces this number could have been much higher. The office housed, among others:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>cornicularius &#8211;<\/em> personal secretary of the governor;<\/li>\n<li><em>adiutor<\/em> &#8211; responsible for announcing the governor&#8217;s decisions;<\/li>\n<li><em>commentariensis<\/em> &#8211; responsible for the legal sphere, including prisons and criminal matters;<\/li>\n<li><em>ab acta<\/em> &#8211; supervision of judicial documentation;<\/li>\n<li><em>a libelli<\/em> &#8211; correspondence;<\/li>\n<li><em>numerarii<\/em> &#8211; tax collection in money;<\/li>\n<li><em>tabularii<\/em> &#8211; tax collection on products.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Provincial officials were not subject to replacement and in practice, it depended on how efficient the administrative policy of the state was.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":90239,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"kategorie_artykulow":[73],"class_list":["post-90244","artykuly","type-artykuly","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","kategorie_artykulow-politics-events"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/artykuly\/90244","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/artykuly"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/artykuly"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/artykuly\/90244\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/90239"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=90244"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"kategorie_artykulow","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategorie_artykulow?post=90244"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}