{"id":102180,"date":"2022-02-10T18:32:20","date_gmt":"2022-02-10T17:32:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/?post_type=biografie&#038;p=102180"},"modified":"2022-02-10T18:32:20","modified_gmt":"2022-02-10T17:32:20","slug":"jovian","status":"publish","type":"biografie","link":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/jovian\/","title":{"rendered":"Jovian"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_87 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Chapters<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/jovian\/#reign\" >Reign<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/jovian\/#death\" >Death<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<table class=\"biog\" style=\"width: 250px;\">\n<caption>    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-none \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/jowian-1-288x400.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/jowian-1-288x400.jpg 288w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/jowian-1.jpg 354w\"                alt=\"Jovian\"\n                width=\"251\"\n                height=\"348\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/jowian-1.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"Jovian\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                Jovian            <\/div>\n        \n        \n    <\/div>\n    <\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Name<\/th>\n<td>\n<p class=\"male\"><em>Flavius Iovianus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Ruled as<\/th>\n<td>\n<p class=\"male\"><em>Imperator <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/curiosities\/caesar-antony-augustus-family-connections\/\">Caesar<\/a> Flavius Iovianus <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/augustus\/\">Augustus<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Reign<\/th>\n<td>\n<p class=\"male\">27 June 363 &#8211; 17 February 364 CE<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Born<\/th>\n<td>\n<p class=\"male\">c. 331 CE<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Died<\/th>\n<td>\n<p class=\"male\">17 February 364 CE<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\">    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-none \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Siliqua_Jovianus-400x190.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Siliqua_Jovianus-400x190.jpg 400w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Siliqua_Jovianus.jpg 500w\"                alt=\"Coin of Jovian\"\n                width=\"251\"\n                height=\"119\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Siliqua_Jovianus.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"Coin of Jovian\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                Coin of Jovian            <\/div>\n        \n        \n    <\/div>\n    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Jovian, also known as Jovianus, was born around 331 CE. in the city of Sinigidunum (present-day Belgrade) in the Roman province of Moesia, as <em>Flavius \u200b\u200bIovianus<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>He was the son of Flavius \u200b\u200b(?) Varronian, the commander of the bodyguard (<em>domestici et protectores<\/em>) of Emperor Constantine II. He himself later joined this guard and in 363 CE reached the rank of the father. In this position, he accompanied Emperor <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/julian-the-apostate\/\">Julian the Apostate<\/a> in the Mesopotamian campaign against Shapur II, <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-constitution\/roman-kingdom\/roman-kings\/\">King<\/a> of the Sassanids. After the decisive clash, Roman troops were forced to withdraw in front of a larger opponent.<\/p>\n<p>On June 26, 363 CE Julian the Apostate died of his injuries, as a result of which a vacancy appeared on the throne. The next day, a specially convened military council decided to award the purple to Salutius Secundus, who, however, refused to seize power. After another conference, Jovian was proclaimed emperor, which caused considerable surprise among the soldiers. The Roman military and historian <a title=\"Ammianus Marcellinus\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/ammianus-marcellinus\/\">Ammianus Marcellinus<\/a> suggests that Jovian may have been confused with another Jovian, the chief notary (<em>primicerius notariorum<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"reign\"><\/span>Reign<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Jovian was a Christian by <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-religion\/\">religion<\/a> and he took steps contrary to the policy of his predecessor &#8211; a supporter of pagan beliefs and the renewal of the spirit of <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-geography\/roman-cities\/rome-eternal-city\/\">Rome<\/a> in the ancient faith. Jovian restored the structures of <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-religion\/christianization-of-ancient-rome\/\">Christianity<\/a> in the form of the Church. Upon arriving in Antioch, he revoked Julian&#8217;s edict against the Christians. He restored the legion&#8217;s banner introduced by Constantine the Great &#8211; <b><em>labarum<\/em><\/b>. He forbade all practice of magic and introduced religious tolerance.<\/p>\n<p>With time, however, Jovian tightened his religious policy. He introduced an edict according to which the Library of Antioch was burned down, and on September 11, the law according to which the worship of the ancient <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-religion\/gods-of-ancient-rome\/\">gods<\/a> was punishable by the death penalty. He extended this norm on December 23, when participation in all pagan ceremonies (even private ones) was also to be equal to death. In addition, by showing great respect to Athanasius the Great, Jovian restored him to the position of Bishop of Alexandria.<\/p>\n<p>As for hostilities, Jovian continued his policy of retreat after the death of his predecessor. Despite the burdensome raids by Persian troops, the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/\">Roman army<\/a> managed to reach the shores of the Tigris. Deep in foreign territory, Jovian was forced to seek understanding and peace at all costs. At the cost of his own security, he agreed to <b>give up the five eastern <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-geography\/roman-provinces\/\">provinces<\/a><\/b> conquered by Galerius in 298 CE and then annexed by <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/diocletian\/\">Diocletian<\/a>. In addition, he agreed that the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-geography\/neighboring-lands-around-ancient-rome\/parthia-persians\/\">Persians<\/a> should take control of the forts at Nisibis, <em>Castra Maurorum<\/em> and Singara. The Romans also gave up their influence in Armenia. Armenian king Arshak II was to remain neutral in the event of possible future conflicts and cede some lands to the Persians. <span class=\"underlined\">The 30-year peace treaty was considered a disgrace and dishonour<\/span>. Emperor Jovian dramatically lost popularity among the people and the army.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-right \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/labarum.jpg\"\n                                alt=\"Labarum\"\n                width=\"220\"\n                height=\"279\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/labarum.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"Labarum was the banner of the Roman legions (vexillum) used only when the emperor was with the army. It was a square purple banner of the empire with golden fringes hung on a cross beam on which was embedded the Chi-Rho Christogram. It was introduced by the emperor Constantine the Great.\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                <b>Labarum<\/b> was the banner of the Roman legions (<em>vexillum<\/em>) used only when the emperor was with the army. It was a square purple banner of the empire with golden fringes hung on a cross beam on which was embedded the Chi-Rho Christogram. It was introduced by the emperor Constantine the Great.            <\/div>\n        \n                    <div class=\"chmurka\">\n                Author: Andreas Praefcke | Under Creative Commons Attribution license - On the same terms 3.0.            <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<p>After arriving in Antioch, Jovian decided to go to <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-geography\/roman-cities\/constantinople\/\">Constantinople<\/a> to consolidate his rule. On the way, the emperor was found dead in his bed in a tent in Dadastana, halfway between today&#8217;s Ankara and Iznik.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"death\"><\/span>Death<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>He died on February 17, 364 CE in the city of Dadastana. It is believed that the cause of death could have been mushroom overeating or black smoke (his quarters were well burned with charcoal). Jovian was buried in Constantinople in the Church of the Holy Apostles. He was counted among the gods as <em><b>Divus Iovianus<\/b><\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":40635,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"kategorie_biografii":[176],"class_list":["post-102180","biografie","type-biografie","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","kategorie_biografii-emperors"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/biografie\/102180","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/biografie"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/biografie"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/biografie\/102180\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40635"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=102180"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"kategorie_biografii","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategorie_biografii?post=102180"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}