{"id":97476,"date":"2021-10-26T10:47:54","date_gmt":"2021-10-26T08:47:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/?post_type=biografie&#038;p=97476"},"modified":"2022-06-26T08:41:36","modified_gmt":"2022-06-26T06:41:36","slug":"pliny-the-younger","status":"publish","type":"biografie","link":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/pliny-the-younger\/","title":{"rendered":"Pliny the Younger"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Chapters<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/pliny-the-younger\/#origin-and-education\" >Origin and education<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/pliny-the-younger\/#political-career\" >Political career<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/pliny-the-younger\/#death\" >Death<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/pliny-the-younger\/#orator-and-writer\" >Orator and writer<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-right \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/pliny_younger_360x450-320x400.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/pliny_younger_360x450-320x400.jpg 320w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/pliny_younger_360x450-640x800.jpg 640w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/pliny_younger_360x450.jpg 1200w\"                alt=\"Pliny the Younger\"\n                width=\"250\"\n                height=\"313\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/pliny_younger_360x450.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"Pliny the Younger\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                Pliny the Younger            <\/div>\n        \n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<p>Pliny the Younger (<em>Plinius Minor<\/em>) was born as <em>Gaius Caecilius Cilo<\/em> in 61 CE in <em>Comum Novum<\/em> (now Como in Lombardy, in northern Italy). Pliny was a lawyer, writer, and Roman official. He witnessed <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/artykul\/wybuch-wezuwiusza\/\">the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"origin-and-education\"><\/span>Origin and education<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Pliny was the son of Lucius Caecilius Cilo and Plinia Marcella and the grandson of the senator and landowner Gaius Caecilius. There is a suspicion that Pliny the Younger may have also had siblings. He belonged to the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/spoleczenstwo\/warstwy-spoleczne-starozytnego-rzymu\/ekwici\/\">equites<\/a>. His father, who held the position of <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/ustroj\/republika-rzymska\/urzedy-rzymskie\/edyl\/\">aedile<\/a> in the province, died at an early age. Pliny grew up under the care of his mother and Lucius Verginius Rufus, the famous Roman leader who crushed the rebellion against <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/neron\/\">Nero<\/a> in 68 CE.<\/p>\n<p>He spent the first years of <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-society\/education-of-ancient-romans\/\">education<\/a> at home. Then he went to <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-geography\/roman-cities\/rome-eternal-city\/\">Rome<\/a>, where he attended rhetoric lessons with Quintilian and Nicetes Sacerdos from Smyrna. During this time, young Pliny developed a closer relationship with his famous relative, uncle <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/pliniusz-starszy\/\">Pliny the Elder<\/a>, his mother&#8217;s brother. When Pliny the Younger was eighteen, <span class=\"underlined\">his uncle died saving victims of the Vesuvius eruption<\/span>. As it turned out in his will, <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/pliny-the-elder\/\">Pliny the Elder<\/a> handed over his property to his young nephew, whom he also adopted. As a result of the document, Pliny the Younger changed his name from <em>Gaius Caecilius Cilo<\/em> to <em>Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus.<\/em><\/p>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-center \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/800px-The_Younger_Pliny_Reproved-640x528.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/800px-The_Younger_Pliny_Reproved-640x528.jpg 640w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/800px-The_Younger_Pliny_Reproved-400x330.jpg 400w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/800px-The_Younger_Pliny_Reproved.jpg 700w\"                alt=\"Forgotten Pliny the Younger, Thomas Burke\"\n                width=\"600\"\n                height=\"495\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/800px-The_Younger_Pliny_Reproved.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"Forgotten Pliny the Younger, Thomas Burke\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                <em>Forgotten Pliny the Younger,<\/em> Thomas Burke            <\/div>\n        \n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<p>According to 19th-century historians, Pliny, especially when compared with <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/seneka-mlodszy\/\">Seneca<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/publius-cornelius-tacitus\/\">Tacitus<\/a>, was considered an average wealthy citizen. Meanwhile, superficial research allowed concluding that Pliny had 10,000 hectares of land, which qualified his estates to the latifundial type. At the same time, it must be assumed that the value of arable land, forests, pastures, vineyards, and finally suburban and urban properties, especially around Rome, was different.<\/p>\n<p>Pliny&#8217;s land goods were concentrated in three regions of Italy: the first in Umbria near Tifernum Tiberinum on the border with Etruria, the second near Comum Novum on Lake Laryn and the third in Lazio near the seaside settlement of Vicus Laurentium. The latter estate &#8211; despite its proximity to Rome &#8211; brought the smallest income, which he himself wrote, explaining that it was there that most of his works were written: &#8220;nec agrum, quem non habeo, sed ipse me studiis excolo&#8221;. On the other hand, the greatest income was brought to him by goods in the vicinity of Lake Laryjskie, which occupied his economic attention. Both centres away from Rome brought him over a million sesterces of annual income.<\/p>\n<p>Pliny the Younger got married three times. The first time he was eighteen he married Veccius Proculus&#8217; stepdaughter. His second spouse was Pompeia Celerina. The third was Calpurnia, daughter of Calpurnius and granddaughter of Calpurnius Fabatus. In one of the letters, we can read the sadness that accompanied the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-society\/marriage-and-love-life-in-ancient-rome\/\">marriage<\/a> after Calpurnia miscarried their child.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"political-career\"><\/span>Political career<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Pliny was particularly active in the legal sphere. In about 81 CE he was a judge in <em>centumviri,<\/em> private law courts. Then he was a famous accuser and defender of numerous provincial governors: Baebius Massa from Baetici, Marius Priscus from <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-geography\/romes-contacts-with-africa-and-far-east\/\">Africa<\/a>, Gaius Caecilius Classicus from Baetici and Gaius Julius <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/publius-ventidius-bassus\/\">Bassus<\/a> or Varenus Rufus from <em>Bithynia et <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-geography\/neighboring-lands-around-ancient-rome\/pontus\/\">Pontus<\/a>.<\/em> He was then appointed <em>t<\/em><em>ribunus militum<\/em> to the <em>3rd Gallica<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/units-of-roman-army\/roman-legion\/\">Legion<\/a> in Syria for six months.<\/p>\n<p>He became a senator in the late 80s, and in 88 or 89 CE started his political career by taking over the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/ustroj\/republika-rzymska\/urzedy-rzymskie\/kwestor\/\">bursary<\/a>. In 91 CE became the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/ustroj\/republika-rzymska\/urzedy-rzymskie\/trybun-ludowy\/\">people&#8217;s tribune<\/a>, and in 93 <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/ustroj\/republika-rzymska\/urzedy-rzymskie\/pretor\/\">praetor<\/a>. However, he withdrew briefly from public life, discouraged by Domitian&#8217;s terror. In 94-96 CE became prefect of the military treasury (<em>praefectus aerarii militaris<\/em>), 98-100 prefect of the treasury of <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-religion\/gods-of-ancient-rome\/list-of-roman-gods\/saturn-roman-god\/\">Saturn<\/a> (<em>praefectus aerari Saturni<\/em>), 100 with Cornutus Tertullus, 103 propraetor of Bithynia, 103-104 augur (publicly elected). He returned to big politics under <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/trajan\/\">Emperor Trajan<\/a>, who trusted him and entrusted him in 110 CE. imperial governorship (<em>legatus Augusti<\/em>) of the province of <em>Bithynia et Pontus.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Pliny the Younger reached the next levels in the official hierarchy, becoming an exemplary career model (in the positive sense of the word) of those times. To top it all off, he had endured years of tyranny under Emperor <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/domitian\/\">Domitian<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"death\"><\/span>Death<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Pliny the Younger died suddenly during his stay in the province of <em>Bithynia et Pontus<\/em> around 113 CE. The year of death is suggested by letters that do not refer to events from later years.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"orator-and-writer\"><\/span>Orator and writer<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Pliny was an excellent orator, as is confirmed by the only preserved speech (<em>Panegyric<\/em>) in honour of the emperor <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/trajan\/\">Trajan<\/a>. He went down in history as an epistolographer. His 247 letters (<em>Epistulae<\/em>) from 97-109 CE have been preserved, which provide a wonderful picture of life at that time. Pliny wrote about the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/article\/eruption-of-mount-vesuvius\/\">eruption of Mount Vesuvius<\/a>, funerals, births, and life in the city and in the countryside. The greatest values are letters to <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/publiusz-korneliusz-tacyt\/\">Tacitus<\/a> (where the death of Pliny the Elder is described) and letters to the emperor (including about the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-religion\/christianization-of-ancient-rome\/persecution-of-christians-in-rome\/\">persecution of Christians<\/a>). The style of Pliny the Younger deserves attention &#8211; clear, matter-of-fact, concise. The letters are in the form of studied literary dissertations. His letters, unlike his <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/cyceron\/\">Cicero<\/a> correspondence, were originally intended for publication, so it is not strictly private correspondence.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-center \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Dahl-Vesuvius.jpg\"\n                                alt=\"Vesuvius eruption, I.C. Dahl\"\n                width=\"547\"\n                height=\"406\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Dahl-Vesuvius.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"Vesuvius eruption, I.C. Dahl\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                <em>Vesuvius eruption<\/em>, I.C. Dahl            <\/div>\n        \n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<p>The most famous (and cited) fragment of the works of Pliny the Younger today is the description of <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/artykul\/wybuch-wezuwiusza\/\">the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE<\/a>, when his uncle, Pliny the Elder, who observed the cataclysm, died unexpectedly.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":39897,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"kategorie_biografii":[179],"class_list":["post-97476","biografie","type-biografie","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","kategorie_biografii-representatives-of-culture"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/biografie\/97476","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/biografie"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/biografie"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/biografie\/97476\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/39897"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=97476"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"kategorie_biografii","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategorie_biografii?post=97476"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}