{"id":55678,"date":"2019-10-13T16:17:45","date_gmt":"2019-10-13T14:17:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/roman-society\/roman-names-and-nicknames\/"},"modified":"2024-10-02T22:46:29","modified_gmt":"2024-10-02T20:46:29","slug":"roman-names-and-nicknames","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-society\/roman-names-and-nicknames\/","title":{"rendered":"Roman names and nicknames"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Chapters<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-society\/roman-names-and-nicknames\/#name-structure\" >Name structure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-society\/roman-names-and-nicknames\/#roman-name-praenomen\" >Roman name (praenomen)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-society\/roman-names-and-nicknames\/#roman-surname-gentilicium\" >Roman surname (gentilicium)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-society\/roman-names-and-nicknames\/#roman-nickname-cognomen\" >Roman nickname (cognomen)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-society\/roman-names-and-nicknames\/#additional-nickname-agnomen\" >Additional nickname (agnomen)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-right \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/owidiusz-368x400.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/owidiusz-368x400.jpg 368w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/owidiusz-640x696.jpg 640w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/owidiusz.jpg 1200w\"                alt=\"Ovid\"\n                width=\"240\"\n                height=\"261\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/owidiusz.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"Ovid (Publius Ovid Naso) had the nickname Naso, i.e. &#8220;conk&#8221;. So the poet had to be distinguished by a large nose size.\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                <a title=\"Ovid\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/owidiusz\/\"><b>Ovid<\/b><\/a> (<em>Publius Ovid Naso<\/em>) had the nickname <em>Naso<\/em>, i.e. &#8220;conk&#8221;. So the poet had to be distinguished by a large nose size.            <\/div>\n        \n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<p>As we know, the Romans had a lot of names that were given because of either the family they came from or because of the characteristics they had. At some point in Rome, there was a fashion for having a surname of several members. A person with a lot of names and nicknames was respected and perceived as someone high-ranking.<\/p>\n<p>The linguist Tadeusz Milewski hypothesized that in the original period, when the Italics lived north of the Alps in the vicinity of the Celts, in the Italian group there was a system of complex names, analogous to that found in the Celtic group and other Indo-European languages. This system disappeared only after the arrival of the Italian tribes in Italy; this happened during the second millennium BCE; however, under the influence of the Liguria, a system of single-member, uncomplex, largely foreign, non-Indo-European (including Etruscan) names was developed, which transformed into a binomial name, including the name (<em>praenomen<\/em>) and family name (<em>nomen<\/em>), and finally at the beginning of the 1st century BCE &#8211; into a three-name system, consisting of the two abovementioned elements and a nickname (<em>cognomen<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"name-structure\"><\/span>Name structure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Originally, Roman names consisted of only one member. It is worth mentioning Remus or Romulus here. However, this simply did not stand the test of time and in the next generation, one can find two-part names, as evidenced by, for example, the names of the successors of Romulus, Servius Tullius, Numa Pompiliusz or Ankus Marcius. The two-part name consisted of the first name (<em>praenomen<\/em>) and the maiden name (<em>gentilicium<\/em> or <em>nomen gentile<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>In the Republic there was a three-part structure, adding a nickname. The Roman now had a first name, surname and surname (<em>cognomen<\/em>). This is how it looked in reality:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Caius<\/b> (<em>praenomen<\/em>) <b>Julius<\/b> (<em>gentilicium<\/em>) <b>Caesar<\/b> (<em>cognomen<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><b>Marcus<\/b> (<em>praenomen<\/em>) <b>Vipsanius<\/b> (<em>gentilicium<\/em>) <b>Agrippa<\/b> (<em> cognomen<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>During the republic, the custom of broadcasting the fourth term developed, where the second nickname (<em>agnomen<\/em>) was added. It was received, among others, by <em>Publius Cornelius Scipio<\/em>, the winner of Hannibal from the closet who had the right to wear the <em>Africanus<\/em> agnomen. This nickname was inherited by the eldest son. Over time, however, this custom disappeared.<\/p>\n<p>It was also popular to mention the name of the father (<em>praenomen<\/em>) or sometimes grandfather, uncle, etc. In principle, shortly after <em>gentilicium<\/em> was preceded by: <em>M. Vibius MfLongus<\/em>. It was the so-called <b>descent<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>The full name was not used in interpersonal contacts but was limited to one of the members. Between family and close friends, it was usually limited to <em>praenomen<\/em>. In other circumstances, the Romans addressed each other using <em>cognomen<\/em> with <em>praenomen<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"roman-name-praenomen\"><\/span>Roman name (praenomen)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In the early centuries of the Roman Republic, about three dozen names were in use, of which only half were often used. This number gradually decreased to about eighteen names in the first century BCE, of \u200b\u200bwhich about a dozen were in use.<\/p>\n<p><b>Male names<\/b>:<\/p>\n<table class=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Agrippa (Agr.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Appius (Ap.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Aulus (A.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>C (K) aeso (K.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Decimus (D.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Faustus (F.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Gaius (C.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Gnaeus (Cn.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Hostus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Lucius (L.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Mamercus (Mam.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Manius (M &#8216;.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Marcus (M.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Mettius<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Nonus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Numerius (N.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Octavius \u200b\u200b(Oct.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Opiter.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Paullus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Postumus (Post.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Proculus (Pro.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Publius (P.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Quintus (Q.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Septimus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Sertor (Sert.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Servius (Ser.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Sextus (Sex.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Spurius (S.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Statius (St.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Tiberius (Ti.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Titus (T.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Tullus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Vibius (V.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Volesus (Vol.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Vopiscus (Vop.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>However, the most popular Roman names were: <em>Aulus, Numerius, Postumus, Publius, Caius, Gnaeus, Quintus, Decimus, Servius, Sextus, Lucius, Titus<\/em>. The Romans could also be prosaic &#8211; they called their sons: <em>Primus, Secundus, Tertius<\/em> etc. (First second Third&#8230;); there were also <em>Septimus<\/em> (Seventh) and <em>Oktavus<\/em> (Eighth).<\/p>\n<p>Some names were closely related to particular families, and so, for example, the name <em>Appius<\/em> was kept only in the Klaudiusz family. If someone stained a family&#8217;s name with a shameful act, his name was forever excluded from that family. This fate met the name <em>Lucius<\/em> in the family of Claudius.<\/p>\n<p>A group of the oldest names lost their functions before the classical period in which they functioned as <em>cognomina<\/em> (nicknames). They were: <em>Agrippa<\/em> (Agrippa), <em>Faustus<\/em> (Faust), <em>Hostus<\/em>, <em>Lar<\/em> (from the name of guardian spirits Lar; Laris), <em>Opiter<\/em> (from the former <em>avo-pater<\/em>, &#8220;a child who was born after the death of his father and his father&#8217;s grandfather&#8221;, cf. <em>avus<\/em> &#8211; &#8220;grandfather&#8221;, <em>pater<\/em> &#8211; &#8220;father&#8221;), <em>Paullus<\/em> (Paul), <em>Postumus<\/em> (&#8220;child born after the death of his father, tombstone &#8220;, see <em>post<\/em> -&#8221; after &#8220;), <em>Proculus<\/em> (Procul), <em>Vibius<\/em>, <em>Volero<\/em>, <em> Volusus<\/em>, <em>Vopisucs<\/em> (&#8220;a twin who remained alive after the death of the other twin&#8221;).<\/p>\n<p>The daughters took the father&#8217;s maiden surname as a first name, e.g. the daughter of Marek Tuliusz Cicero was named Tulia.<\/p>\n<p><b>Women&#8217;s names<\/b>:<\/p>\n<table class=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Appia (Ap.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Aula (A.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Caesula<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Decima (D.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Fausta (F.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Gaia (C.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Gnaea (Cn.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Hosta (H.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Lucia (L.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Maio (Mai.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Mamerca (Mam.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Mania (M &#8216;.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Marcia (M.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Maxima<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Mettia<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Mino<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Nona<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Numeria (N.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Octavia (Oct.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Paulla<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Postuma (Post.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Prima<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Procula (Pro.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Publia (P.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Quarta<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Quinta (Q.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Secunda (Seq.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Septima<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Servia (Ser.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Sexta (Sex.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Spuria (Sp.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Statia (St.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Tertia<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Tiberia (Ti.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Titia (T.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Tulla<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Vibia (V.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Volusa (Vol.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Vopisca (Vop.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"roman-surname-gentilicium\"><\/span>Roman surname (gentilicium)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The second member of the Roman citizen&#8217;s name was the family name (<em>nomen gentilicium<\/em>). It was the name of the strain (<em>gens<\/em>) more or less (in extreme cases &#8211; not at all) that branched into individual families. The largest strains could have up to tens of thousands of people, so reasoning about the relationship between two citizens based on the fact that they carry the same family name is very risky. For example, the relationship between Gajusz Waleriusz Catullus and Marek Waleriusz Marcjalis was probably zero, despite the obvious affiliation of both to the Valerius family (<em>gens Valeria<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>A large group of Roman surnames is patronymic. These include, for example, <em>Marcius<\/em> (&#8220;Marcus&#8217; son&#8221;), as well as others, created using the suffix <em>-io-<\/em> (which also created paternal forms in some Greek and Celtic dialects) &#8220;from <em>Aulus<\/em> &#8211; <em>Aulius<\/em>, with <em>Sextus<\/em> &#8211; <em>Sextius<\/em>, with <em>Postumus<\/em> &#8211; <em>Postumius<\/em>. Place names created with the suffixes <em>-anus<\/em> and <em>-inus<\/em> are less numerous, e.g. from <em>Abella<\/em> &#8211; <em>Abellanus<\/em>; from <em>Aricia<\/em> &#8211; <em>Aricinus<\/em>. Many names were of foreign origin, including e.g. Pelignian on <em>-avus<\/em> (<em>Atavus<\/em>, <em>Accavus<\/em>), Etruscan to <em>-na<\/em>, <em>-enna<\/em>, <em>&#8211;<\/em><em>inna<\/em>, <em>-erna<\/em> (<em>Porsina<\/em>, <em>Porsenna<\/em>, <em>Vibenna<\/em>, <em>Spurinna<\/em>, <em>Perperna<\/em>, <em>Mastarna<\/em>). Place-based and foreign-language surnames were influenced by native patronymic names on <em>-ius<\/em> and the result is the emergence of place surnames such as <em>Tu sculanius<\/em> from <em>Tusculum<\/em> or <em>Patavinius<\/em> from <em>Patavium<\/em> or surnames of Etruscan origin such as <em>Tarquinius<\/em> (from Etruscan Tarcna) or <em>Larcius<\/em> (from Etruscan Larce).<\/p>\n<p>The surname is younger than the first name, hence a lot of them, especially those denoting professions, can be etymologically associated with normal Latin words. For example, the surname <em>Vitruvius<\/em> is associated with the noun <em>vitrum<\/em> (&#8220;glass&#8221;), the surname <em>Porcius<\/em> with the noun <em>porcus<\/em> (&#8221; pork &#8220;), the surname <em>Ovid<\/em> with <em>ovis<\/em> (sheep) etc.<\/p>\n<p>As mentioned above, only men had names, while women had surnames that were female forms of the surname of the father&#8217;s family. This first and last name was the first member of the woman&#8217;s name, and for a very long time until the end of the republic, basically the only one. When the father of the family had more daughters, the younger was nicknamed <em>Minor<\/em> (&#8220;Younger&#8221;), the next <em>Tertia<\/em> (&#8220;Third&#8221;), and so on by subsequent numerals.<\/p>\n<p>And so Cicero&#8217;s first wife was called Terentia (<em>Terentia<\/em>), which means that she came from the Terentius family. The second was <em>Publilia<\/em>, from the Publilius family. The daughter of Cicero (the Tullia family) was <em>Tullia<\/em>, the daughter of Caesar (<em>gens Julia<\/em>) Julia, the daughter of a citizen named Claudius &#8211; Claudia, etc. To avoid mistakes, the woman&#8217;s surname was supplemented by her husband&#8217;s nickname genitive, e.g. <em>Terentia Ciceronis<\/em>=&#8221;Coterie (wife) of Cicero&#8221;.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"roman-nickname-cognomen\"><\/span>Roman nickname (cognomen)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The last part of the name, or nickname, began to be broadcast in the days of the republic when families began to grow significantly. Initially, only patrician families adopted the nickname. The first nicknames were associated with the main classes of the Romans at that time.<\/p>\n<p>Nicknames were often associated with plants, which only confirms our belief in the agricultural nature of the original Roman society. For example, the Cicero family took its name from peas (<em>cicer<\/em>), and Fabius from bob (<em>faba<\/em>). Still, other nicknames were associated with some characteristic of a family member, e.g. <em>Cincinnatus<\/em> &#8211; curly or <em>Cato<\/em> &#8211; clever.<\/p>\n<p><em>Cognomen<\/em> was mainly intended to distinguish between different branches belonging to a given family. For example, the nickname was a kind of description of a trait (<em>Barbatus, Claudus<\/em>), it could also determine the origin of a person (<em>Gallus, Ligus, Sabunus<\/em>). Sometimes it pointed to certain personal qualities like <em>Naso<\/em> or <em>Capito<\/em>, or pointed to a person&#8217;s temperament (<em>Severus, Benignus<\/em>).<\/p>\n<table class=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 195px; background-color: #f2ebeb;\">\n<p class=\"podtytul\">Nickname<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 195px; background-color: #f2ebeb;\">\n<p class=\"podtytul\">Translation<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 195px; background-color: #f2ebeb;\">\n<p class=\"podtytul\">Nickname<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 195px; background-color: #f2ebeb;\">\n<p class=\"podtytul\">Translation<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Agelatus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">never smiling<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Longinus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">away<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Balbin<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">stutterer<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Lukkulus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">wood, grove<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Brocchus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">toothed<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Magnus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">great<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Brutus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">stupid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Maximus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">largest<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Cato<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">smart<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Mektator<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">killer<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Caecus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">blind man<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Nasica<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">long-nosed<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Caepio<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">onion seller<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Nerva<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">hard<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Cincinnatus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">curly<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Piso<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">threshing<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Crassus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">fat<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Postumus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">tombstone<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Cunctator<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">delaying<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Pulcher<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">beautiful<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Flaccus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">lethargic<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Rufus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">red<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Flaccus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">with big ears<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Ruso<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">rural simpleton<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Flavius \u200b\u200b<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">yellow-hair<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Scevola<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">left-handed<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Galba<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">abdominals<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Saturninus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecene\">belonging to Saturn<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Geta<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">from the end of the world<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Scaurus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">with swollen feet<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Gracchus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">jackdaw<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Strabo<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"baby\">cross-eyed<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Caligula<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">shoe<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Sulla<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">calf<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Calvus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">bald<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Verres<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecene\">pig (behaviour)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Caracalla<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">coat<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Verrucosus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">covered with warts<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Carbo<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">burned to ashes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Varon<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">crooked legs<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><em>Catullus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\">male<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"additional-nickname-agnomen\"><\/span>Additional nickname (agnomen)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In addition to nicknames purchased by inheritance, a Roman citizen could get an additional nickname (<em>agnomen<\/em>) in two ways:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>by <b>adoption<\/b>; the adopted son took then the first name, surname and surname of his foster father, and as an additional nickname he kept his former surname in a slightly modified form. Eg Gaius Octavius \u200b\u200bafter adoption by a citizen, <em>Gaius Iulius Caesar<\/em> was <em>Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus<\/em>;<\/li>\n<li>by recognizing special contributions to the state; this nickname was associated with merit then<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For women, as I mentioned, the matter of names was much simpler. The daughters were always called the father&#8217;s family name in the female form, e.g. Julius Caesar&#8217;s daughter was called Julia. Sometimes the <em>praenomenon<\/em> was added, which was usually a numeral e.g. <em>Tertia<\/em> (Third) or the adjective <em>Maior<\/em> (Elder) and <em>Minor<\/em> (younger).<\/p>\n<p>The women, when getting married, did not change their surnames and, additionally, adopted their husband&#8217;s nickname, e.g. <em>Livia Augusti<\/em>. During the empire, women often wore a double name after their parents, e.g. <em>Aemilia Lepida<\/em>. The form was often changed by introducing the suffix: -ina, -illa, -ulla, e.g. Agripp<b>ina<\/b>, Urgulan<b>illa<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>Slaves kept their former name while in service. Sometimes names have been replaced by a description of where the slave comes from, e.g., <em>Syrus<\/em> (from Syria). Sometimes the slave was called a boy (<em>puer<\/em>) and was connected to the name of the owner, e.g. <em>Titus puer<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>In the case of the freedmen, the situation was different. The freedman took the family name, and often also the name of the master who liberated him. And so a slave named <em>Afer<\/em> liberated by a citizen by the name <em>Publius Terentius Lucanus<\/em> was called <em>Publius Terentius Afer<\/em>. The slave liberated by the woman received the <em>praenomen<\/em> and <em>gentilicium<\/em> of the liberating father, and in addition, it was indicated to whom he owed his freedom, e.g. <em>Marcus Livius<\/em>, <em>Augustae libertus<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>The latter mechanism, the <b>mechanism<\/b> transferring the name from the master to the liberated slave, and from the patron to the acquiring customer citizenship, <span class=\"underlined\">caused the whole system to crash<\/span> at the moment Exodus <b>of the Karakalli edict<\/b> in 212 CE. The emperor was called <em>Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus<\/em>, and he gave Roman citizenship to tens of millions of people for whom he became a patron. So they inherited his first and last name, and thus <span class=\"underlined\">the overwhelming majority of the men living in the empire suddenly began to call themselves <em>Marcus Aurelius<\/em><\/span>. Hence, probably the name was Saint Augustine.<\/p>\n<p>This shock caused the gradual disappearance of the traditional system of Roman names. Since then, a new system has been spreading, where the name and number of its members are set arbitrarily and according to the parents&#8217; fantasies.<\/p>\n<p>Adoption was widespread in Rome (and especially during the Empire period). The adopted man had to have a <em>gentilicium<\/em> adopting father because he almost belonged to his family. Often added <em>cognomen<\/em> created with <em>nomen gentile<\/em>, which was used by adopted before adoption, ending with <em>-anus<\/em>, e.g. <em>Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus<\/em> &#8211; he was called that because his father was <em>Aemilius Paullus<\/em> and he adopted him <em>Cornelius Scipio<\/em>. For the period of the Empire, it would be difficult to formulate precise rules according to which the names of adopted persons were created. However, they were always formed from the components of the name of the person before adoption and from the components of the name of the adopting person. Emperor Antoninus Pius was originally called <em>T. Aurelius Fulvius Boionius Arrius Antoninus<\/em>, after his adoption by Hadrian (<em>P.Aelius Hadrianus<\/em>) he used the name <em>T.Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Sometimes the name of the tribune to which it belonged was also given by name. Below is a list of all 35 Roman stands with their names abbreviated:<\/p>\n<p><em>Aemilia (Aem.), Aniensis (Ani.), Arnensis (Arn.), Camilia (Cam.), Claudia (Cla.), Clustumina (Clu.), Collina (Col.), Cornelia (Cor.) , Esquilina (Esq.), Fabia (Fab.), Falerna (Fal.), Galeria (Gal.), Horatia (Hor.), Lemonia (Lem.), Maecia (Mae.), Menenia (Men.), Oufentina (Ouf.), Palatina (Pal.), Papiria (Pap.), Poblilia (Pob.), Pollia (Pol.), Pomptina (Pom.), Pupinia (Pup.), Quirina (Qui.), Romilia (Rom. .), Sabatina (Sab.), Scaptia (Sca.), Sergia (Ser.), Stellatina (Ste.), Suburana (Sub.), Teretina (Ter.), Tromentina (Tro.), Velina (Vel.) , Voltinia (Vol.), Voturia (Vot.)<\/em><\/p>\n<table class=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #f2ebeb;\">\n<p class=\"podtytul\">Analysis of the Roman name and surname<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"malecen\"><b><em>Marcus Aurelius Lucii f. Quinti n. tribu Galeria Antoninus Felix, domo Caesaraugusta<\/em><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"male3\"><em><b>Marcus<\/b><\/em> &#8211; <em>praenomen<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"male3\"><em><b>Aurelius<\/b><\/em> &#8211; <em>nomen gentile<\/em> &#8211; belonged to <em>gens Aurelia<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"male3\"><b><em>Lucia f (ilius)<\/em><\/b> &#8211; <em>patronimicus<\/em> &#8211; son of Lucius<\/p>\n<p class=\"male3\"><b><em>Quinti n (epic)<\/em><\/b> &#8211; grandfather &#8211; grandson of Quintus<\/p>\n<p class=\"male3\"><b><em>tribu Galeria<\/em><\/b> &#8211; <em>tribus<\/em> &#8211; <em>tribus<\/em> from Galleria, region of Spain<\/p>\n<p class=\"male3\"><em><b>Antoninus<\/b><\/em> &#8211; <em>cognomen<\/em> &#8211; belonged to the Antonin family<\/p>\n<p class=\"male3\"><em><b>Felix<\/b><\/em> &#8211; <em>agnomen<\/em> &#8211; nickname &#8220;Happy&#8221;<\/p>\n<p class=\"male3\"><b><em>domo Caesaraugusta<\/em><\/b> &#8211; residence &#8211; ancient Zaragoza in Spain<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The question is what Roman names have survived to our times. In fact, of the classic <em>Praenomine<\/em>, only one &#8211; <b>Marcus<\/b> &#8211; is commonly found today, the others are rare. Interestingly, however, several <em>nomina<\/em>, treated in Rome as surnames, are now used as names, e.g. Mariusz or Juliusz. Similarly, in the case of female names Aemilia, Claudia, Julia, Cornelia &#8211; they are derived from Roman denominations in the female form.<\/p>\n<p>Below is the complete list of <em>praenomen<\/em>, <em>nomen<\/em>, <em>cognomen<\/em>, and <em>agnomen<\/em>:<\/p>\n<table class=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #f2ebeb;\">\n<p class=\"podtytul\">PRAENOMEN<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"male3\"><em>Aulus \u00b7 Amulius \u00b7 Appius \u00b7 Aulus \u00b7 Caius \u00b7 Camillus \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/decius\/\">Decius<\/a> \u00b7 Decimus \u00b7 Drusus \u00b7 Flavius \u200b\u200b\u00b7 Gaius \u00b7 Galus \u00b7 Gallus \u00b7 Gnaeus \u00b7 Herius \u00b7 Kaeso \u00b7 Lucius \u00b7 Manius \u00b7 Marcus \u00b7 Numerius \u00b7 Oppius \u00b7 Postumus \u00b7 Publius \u00b7 Quintus \u00b7 Secundus \u00b7 Servius \u00b7 Sextus \u00b7 Spurius \u00b7 Tertius \u00b7 Tiberius \u00b7 Titus \u00b7 Vibius<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #f2ebeb;\">\n<p class=\"podtytul\">NOMEN<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"male3\"><em>Acilius \u00b7 Aedinius \u00b7 Albatius \u00b7 Allectius \u00b7 Amatius \u00b7 Antius \u00b7 Antoninus \u00b7 Arminius \u00b7 Armenius \u00b7 Arrius \u00b7 Artorius \u00b7 Asinius \u00b7 Asintius \u00b7 Ateius \u00b7 Atius \u00b7 Atilius \u00b7 Atrius \u00b7 Attius \u00b7 Aulus \u00b7 Aurelius \u00b7 Ausonius \u00b7 Atronius \u00b7 Avisius \u00b7 Barrius \u00b7 Blandius \u00b7 Bruccius \u00b7 Bruttius \u00b7 Calatorius \u00b7 Calidius \u00b7 Calpurnius \u00b7 Calventius \u00b7 Camillius \u00b7 Camilius \u00b7 Camelius \u00b7 Caprenius \u00b7 Carius \u00b7 Caristanius \u00b7 Cispius \u00b7 Claudius \u00b7 Clodius \u00b7 Clovius \u00b7 Cluntius \u00b7 Corninius \u00b7 Cosconius \u00b7 Crispus \u00b7 Curius \u00b7 Curtius \u00b7 Decumius \u00b7 Desticius \u00b7 Didius \u00b7 Dillius \u00b7 Domitius \u00b7 Dossenius \u00b7 Duccius \u00b7 Duronius \u00b7 Egnatius \u00b7 Epidius \u00b7 Equitius \u00b7 Fabius \u00b7 Fadius \u00b7 Falerius \u00b7 Favonius \u00b7 Fenius \u00b7 Festinius \u00b7 Flaccus \u00b7 Flavius \u200b\u200b\u00b7 Flavus \u00b7 Florius \u00b7 Floronius \u00b7 Fulcinius \u00b7 Fulvius \u00b7 Fundanus \u00b7 Furius \u00b7 Gabinius \u00b7 Galerius \u00b7 Gallus \u00b7 Gavius \u200b\u200b\u00b7 Gellius \u00b7 Granius \u00b7 Grattius \u00b7 Gratidius \u00b7 Helv etius \u00b7 Helvius \u00b7 Herennius \u00b7 Herminius \u00b7 Horatius \u00b7 Hortensius \u00b7 Hosidius \u00b7 Iulius \u00b7 Iunius \u00b7 Iustus \u00b7 Iuventius \u00b7 Laetonius \u00b7 Lafrenius \u00b7 Lampronius \u00b7 Liburnius \u00b7 Licinius \u00b7 Ligustinius \u00b7 Livius \u00b7 Longinius \u00b7 Loreius \u00b7 Lucius \u00b7 Luciliusus \u00b7 Lus Maelius \u00b7 Mallius \u00b7 Mamilius \u00b7 Manlius \u00b7 Manilius \u00b7 Marcius \u00b7 Marius \u00b7 Matius \u00b7 Maximus \u00b7 Memmius \u00b7 Messienus \u00b7 Metilius \u00b7 Milonius \u00b7 Minucius \u00b7 Minicius \u00b7 Modius \u00b7 Mucius \u00b7 Munatius \u00b7 Munius \u00b7 Murrius \u00b7 Naevius \u00b7 Nasennius \u00b7 Nemetorius \u00b7 Nepius \u00b7 Nigidius Nigilius \u00b7 Nipius \u00b7 Norbanus \u00b7 Novius \u00b7 Numerius \u00b7 Olcinius \u00b7 Oppius \u00b7 Opsius \u00b7 Oranius \u00b7 Otacilius \u00b7 Palpellius \u00b7 Papinius \u00b7 Papirius \u00b7 Pescennius \u00b7 Petellius \u00b7 Petilius \u00b7 Petillius \u00b7 Petronius \u00b7 Pinarius \u00b7 Piscius \u00b7 Placidius \u00b7 Plautius \u00b7 Plinili \u00b7 Plot Pomponius \u00b7 Pomptinus \u00b7 Pontidius \u00b7 Pontius \u00b7 Popidius \u00b7 Portius \u00b7 Postumius \u00b7 Paesentius \u00b7 Publicius \u00b7 Publius \u00b7 Pupius \u00b7 Quintilius \u00b7 Quintius \u00b7 Quirinius \u00b7 Rabirius \u00b7 Rufius \u00b7 Rufus \u00b7 Rusonius \u00b7 Rutilius \u00b7 Sabucius \u00b7 Sallustius \u00b7 Salonius \u00b7 Salvius \u00b7 Scribonius \u00b7 Secundius \u00b7 Seius \u00b7 Sempronius \u00b7 Sennius \u00b7 Sentius \u00b7 Septimius \u00b7 Sepunius \u00b7 Sepurcius \u00b7 Sergius \u00b7 Servgi \u00b7 Sextilius \u00b7 Sextius \u00b7 Sidonius \u00b7 Silius \u00b7 Socellius \u00b7 Sornatius \u00b7 Spurius \u00b7 Statius \u00b7 Stertinius \u00b7 Suedius \u00b7 Sulpicius \u00b7 Tadius \u00b7 Tanicius \u00b7 Tertinius \u00b7 Tettidius \u00b7 Tettienus \u00b7 Tettius \u00b7 Titiedius \u00b7 Titius \u00b7 Titinius \u00b7 Trebatius \u00b7 Treususlius \u00b7 Treususlius \u00b7 Tullius \u00b7 Ulpius \u00b7 Umbrenius \u00b7 Umbrius \u00b7 Vagionius \u00b7 Vagnius \u00b7 Valerius \u00b7 Varius \u00b7 Vassenius \u00b7 Vatinius \u00b7 Vedius \u00b7 Velius \u00b7 Veranius \u00b7 Verecundius \u00b7 Vergilius \u00b7 Vesenius \u00b7 Vesuvius \u00b7 Vibenius \u00b7 Vibidius \u00b7 Victricius \u00b7 Viducius \u00b7 Vinic \u00b7 Volaginius \u00b7 Volcatius \u00b7 Volumnius \u00b7 Volusius<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #f2ebeb;\">\n<p class=\"podtytul\">COGNOMEN<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"male3\"><em>Abercius \u00b7 Abito \u00b7 Acacius \u00b7 Acaunus \u00b7 Achaicus \u00b7 Acilianus \u00b7 Adauctus \u00b7 Adepphius \u00b7 Adjutor \u00b7 Adranos \u00b7 Adventus \u00b7 Aeacus \u00b7 Aebutus \u00b7 Aemilianus \u00b7 Afer \u00b7 Agaptus \u00b7 Agatopus \u00b7 Agelastus \u00b7 Agorix \u00b7 Agrippa \u00b7 \u200b\u200bAgustalis \u00b7 Ahala \u00b7 Ahenobarbus \u00b7 Albanus \u00b7 Albinius \u00b7 Albinus \u00b7 Albucius \u00b7 Alethius \u00b7 Allectus \u00b7 Aluredes \u00b7 Alypius \u00b7 Amandus \u00b7 Amantius \u00b7 Ambrosius \u00b7 Amor \u00b7 Amphion \u00b7 Anatolius \u00b7 Ancus \u00b7 Andronicus \u00b7 Angelus \u00b7 Antius \u00b7 Anullinus \u00b7 Apell \u00b7 Aper \u00b7 Apollonarius \u00b7 Aponius \u00b7 Aquila \u00b7 Aquilius \u00b7 Aquillius \u00b7 Aratus \u00b7 Arcadius \u00b7 Arcavius \u200b\u200b\u00b7 Archarius \u00b7 Arius \u00b7 Armiger \u00b7 Arminus \u00b7 Arpagius \u00b7 Arrianus \u00b7 Arruntius \u00b7 Aruns \u00b7 Arvina \u00b7 Asellio \u00b7 Asina \u00b7 Asprenas \u00b7 Asprenus \u00b7 Assanius \u00b7 Audaios \u00b7 Audens \u00b7 Augendus \u00b7 Augurnus \u00b7 Augurius \u00b7 Augustalis \u00b7 Augustanus \u00b7 Augustus \u00b7 Auila \u00b7 Aurelianus \u00b7 Aurelius \u00b7 Ausonius \u00b7 Auxentius \u00b7 Auxientius \u00b7 Auxilius \u00b7 Avienus \u00b7 Avitus \u00b7 Balbillus \u00b7 Balbus \u00b7 Balduinus \u00b7 Barbatus \u00b7 Baro \u00b7 Bassus \u00b7 Bato \u00b7 Belenus \u00b7 Belisarius \u00b7 Bellator \u00b7 Belletor \u00b7 Bellicus \u00b7 Bellus \u00b7 Betto \u00b7 Bibaculus \u00b7 Bitucus \u00b7 Blandus \u00b7 Bodenius \u00b7 Bolanus \u00b7 Bonifatius \u00b7 Bonosus \u00b7 Bonus \u00b7 Bradua \u00b7 Brocchus \u00b7 Bromid \u00b7 Bruccius \u00b7 Brucetus \u00b7 Bruscius \u00b7 Brutus \u00b7 Buccio \u00b7 Bulla \u00b7 Burcanius \u00b7 Burrus \u00b7 Buteo \u00b7 Caecilianus \u00b7 Caecina \u00b7 Caecus \u00b7 Caelistis \u00b7 Caelestius \u00b7 Caelianus \u00b7 Caelinus \u00b7 Caepio \u00b7 Caerellius \u00b7 Caesar \u00b7 Calacicus \u00b7 Calatinus \u00b7 Cald \u00b7 Caligula \u00b7 Callisunus \u00b7 Calogerus \u00b7 Calpornius \u00b7 Calpurnianus \u00b7 Calpurnis \u00b7 Calvinus \u00b7 Calvus \u00b7 Camerius \u00b7 Camillus \u00b7 Campanus \u00b7 Candidianus \u00b7 Candidus \u00b7 Candidius \u00b7 Canio \u00b7 Canisius \u00b7 Cantaber \u00b7 Capito \u00b7 Capiton \u00b7 Caprarius \u00b7 Caracturus \u00b7 Carantus \u00b7 Carbo \u00b7 Carius \u00b7 Carnifex \u00b7 Carus \u00b7 Casca \u00b7 Cassianus \u00b7 Castinus \u00b7 Castorius \u00b7 Castus \u00b7 Catianus \u00b7 Catilina \u00b7 Cato \u00b7 Cato nius \u00b7 Catullus \u00b7 Catulus \u00b7 Catus \u00b7 Cecilianus \u00b7 Celatus \u00b7 Celer \u00b7 Celsus \u00b7 Cenaeus \u00b7 Cencius \u00b7 Censorinus \u00b7 Censorius \u00b7 Centumalus \u00b7 Cerialis \u00b7 Cerinthus \u00b7 Cerularius \u00b7 Cervianus \u00b7 Cervidus \u00b7 Cethegus \u00b7 Chlorus \u00b7 Christianus \u00b7 Cicero \u00b7 Cico \u00b7 Cico \u00b7 Cico Cinnianus \u00b7 Cita \u00b7 Cittinus \u00b7 Civilis \u00b7 Clarus \u00b7 Classicianus \u00b7 Claudianus \u00b7 Clemens \u00b7 Clement \u00b7 Clodian \u00b7 Clodianus \u00b7 Cogitatus \u00b7 Colias \u00b7 Collatinus \u00b7 Columella \u00b7 Comitianus \u00b7 Comitinus \u00b7 Commidius \u00b7 Commidus \u00b7 Commius \u00b7 Commodus \u00b7 Concessus \u00b7 Congrio \u00b7 Constans \u00b7 Constant Corbulo \u00b7 Cordus \u00b7 Cornix \u00b7 Cornutus \u00b7 Corvinus \u00b7 Corvus \u00b7 Cotentinus \u00b7 Cotta \u00b7 Crassus \u00b7 Cremutius \u00b7 Crescentius \u00b7 Cresces \u00b7 Crispian \u00b7 Crispin \u00b7 Crispus \u00b7 Crito \u00b7 Crotilo \u00b7 Cucuphas \u00b7 Culleolus \u00b7 Cumanus \u00b7 Cunobarrus \u00b7 Cypitasus Cyricus \u00b7 Dacien \u00b7 Dagwalus \u00b7 Dalmatius \u00b7 Dama \u00b7 Damasippus \u00b7 Damasus \u00b7 Damian \u00b7 Dannicus \u00b7 Dardanius \u00b7 Dardanus \u00b7 Decentius \u00b7 Decianus \u00b7 Decmitius \u00b7 Decmus \u00b7 Dexion \u00b7 Dexippus \u00b7 Didicus \u00b7 Dignus \u00b7 Dio \u00b7 Diocletianus \u00b7 Diocourides \u00b7 Disertus \u00b7 Docilinus \u00b7 Docilus \u00b7 Dolabella \u00b7 Dominicus \u00b7 Domitianus \u00b7 Donatianus \u00b7 Donatus \u00b7 Donicus \u00b7 Dorotheus \u00b7 Drusulitus \u00b7 Durio \u00b7 Durus \u00b7 Duvianus \u00b7 Eborius \u00b7 Eburnus \u00b7 Ecdicius \u00b7 Eclectus \u00b7 Egbuttius \u00b7 Egnatius \u00b7 Elerius \u00b7 Eliphas \u00b7 Elpidius \u00b7 Elvorix \u00b7 Emeritus \u00b7 Encratis \u00b7 Ennecus \u00b7 Ennius \u00b7 Ennodius \u00b7 Eonus \u00b7 Epidianus \u00b7 Epimachus \u00b7 Epolonius \u00b7 Epolonius \u00b7 Eugenius \u00b7 Eugenus \u00b7 Eulogius \u00b7 Eumenius \u00b7 Eunapius \u00b7 Euphemius \u00b7 Eustacius \u00b7 Eutherius \u00b7 Evodius \u00b7 Excingus \u00b7 Exsupereus \u00b7 Exuperantius \u00b7 Exupertus \u00b7 Fabianus \u00b7 Fabillus \u00b7 Facilis \u00b7 Fadus \u00b7 Fagus \u00b7 Falco \u00b7 Falconius \u00b7 Familis \u00b7 Faxis \u00b7 Faustinianus \u00b7 Faustinius \u00b7 Faustus \u00b7 Faventinus \u00b7 Felicissimus \u00b7 Felissimus \u00b7 Felix \u00b7 Ferentinus \u00b7 Ferreolius \u00b7 Festus \u00b7 Fidelis \u00b7 Figulus \u00b7 Fimbria \u00b7 Fimus \u00b7 Firminus \u00b7 Firmus \u00b7 Flaccus \u00b7 Flavian \u00b7 Flavianus \u00b7 Flavillus \u00b7 Flavinus \u00b7 Florens \u00b7 Florentius \u00b7 Florianus \u00b7 Florus \u00b7 Forianus \u00b7 Fortunatus \u00b7 Fraucus \u00b7 Fredisius \u00b7 Frigidian \u00b7 Frontalis \u00b7 Frontinus \u00b7 Frontinus Fructosis \u00b7 Frugi \u00b7 Frugius \u00b7 Frumentius \u00b7 Fullofaudes \u00b7 Fulvianus \u00b7 Furius \u00b7 Fuscinus \u00b7 Fuscus \u00b7 Gaianus \u00b7 Gaius \u00b7 Gala \u00b7 Galarius \u00b7 Galenus \u00b7 Galerus \u00b7 Gallio \u00b7 Gallus \u00b7 Galvisius \u00b7 Garilianus \u00b7 Gaurus \u00b7 Gavros \u00b7 Gavrus \u00b7 Gelasius \u00b7 Gellius \u00b7 Gemellus Geminianus \u00b7 Generidus \u00b7 Genesius \u00b7 Genialis \u00b7 Gennadius \u00b7 Gerardus \u00b7 Germanus \u00b7 Germanicus \u00b7 Gessius \u00b7 Geta \u00b7 Getha \u00b7 Glabrio \u00b7 Glaucia \u00b7 Globulus \u00b7 Gluvias \u00b7 Glycia \u00b7 Gordian \u00b7 Gordianus \u00b7 Gordio \u00b7 Gorgonius \u00b7 Gracchus \u00b7 Gracilis \u00b7 Gratian \u00b7 Gratidian Gregorius \u00b7 Grumio \u00b7 Gualterus \u00b7 Gryllus \u00b7 Habitus \u00b7 Hadrianus \u00b7 Hardalio \u00b7 Haterius \u00b7 Helvius \u00b7 Herculius \u00b7 Herenus \u00b7 H erma \u00b7 Hermina \u00b7 Hesychius \u00b7 Hiberus \u00b7 Hilario \u00b7 Hilaris \u00b7 Hilarius \u00b7 Hirpinius \u00b7 Hirrus \u00b7 Homullus \u00b7 Honoratus \u00b7 Horatius \u00b7 Hortensis \u00b7 Hortensius \u00b7 Hortensus \u00b7 Hosidius \u00b7 Humilus \u00b7 Hybrida \u00b7 Iacomus \u00b7 Igennus \u00b7 Ignatius \u00b7 Indaletius \u00b7 Ingenin \u00b7 Ingenin Iocundus \u00b7 Iovinus \u00b7 Irenaeus \u00b7 Isatis \u00b7 Italicus \u00b7 Ivmarus \u00b7 Ianuarius \u00b7 Iavolenus \u00b7 Iovinianus \u00b7 Iovinus \u00b7 Iovius \u00b7 Iuba \u00b7 Iulian \u00b7 Iulianus \u00b7 Iuncinus \u00b7 Iuncus \u00b7 Iunianus \u00b7 Iustianus \u00b7 Iustinianus \u00b7 Iustinus \u00b7 Lustus Laenas \u00b7 Laetinianus \u00b7 Laevinus \u00b7 Larcius \u00b7 Lartius \u00b7 Lateranus \u00b7 Latinius \u00b7 Laurentius \u00b7 Leddicus \u00b7 Lentullus \u00b7 Lentulus \u00b7 Leontius \u00b7 Lepidus \u00b7 Lepontus \u00b7 Leptis \u00b7 Liberalis \u00b7 Libo \u00b7 Licinianus \u00b7 Licinius \u00b7 Ligur \u00b7 Ligustinus \u00b7 Letusus \u00b7 Letusus Litumaris \u00b7 Livianus \u00b7 Livigenus \u00b7 Longinus \u00b7 Lovernius \u00b7 Lucan \u00b7 Lucanus \u00b7 Lucianus \u00b7 Lucilianus Lucretius \u00b7 Lucta cus \u00b7 Lucullus \u00b7 Lunaris \u00b7 Luonercus \u00b7 Lupercus \u00b7 Lupicinus \u00b7 Lupinus \u00b7 Lupis \u00b7 Lurco \u00b7 Lurio \u00b7 Lutherius \u00b7 Lutorius \u00b7 Maccalus \u00b7 Macrinus \u00b7 Macro \u00b7 Mactator \u00b7 Maecenus \u00b7 Maecius \u00b7 Magnentius \u00b7 Magnus \u00b7 Maius \u00b7 Major \u00b7 Malchus \u00b7 Mallus \u00b7 Mancinus \u00b7 Manlius \u00b7 Mansuetus \u00b7 Marcallas \u00b7 Marcellinus \u00b7 Marcellus \u00b7 Marcialis \u00b7 Marcipor \u00b7 Margarita \u00b7 Marinianus \u00b7 Marinus \u00b7 Maritialis \u00b7 Maritimus \u00b7 Marius \u00b7 Maro \u00b7 Marsallas \u00b7 Marsicus \u00b7 Marsus \u00b7 Marsyas \u00b7 Martial \u00b7 Martialis \u00b7 Martianus \u00b7 Martinus \u00b7 Martius \u00b7 Martyrius \u00b7 Marullinus \u00b7 Marullus \u00b7 Maternus \u00b7 Matho \u00b7 Mauricius \u00b7 Maursus \u00b7 Maximian \u00b7 Maximianus \u00b7 Maximinius \u00b7 Maximinus \u00b7 Maximus \u00b7 Medullinus \u00b7 Megellus \u00b7 Melissus \u00b7 Melitus \u00b7 Mellitus \u00b7 Melus \u00b7 Meminius \u00b7 Memmius \u00b7 Memor \u00b7 Mercator \u00b7 Mercurialis \u00b7 Mercuralaus \u00b7 Merula Messor \u00b7 Metellus \u00b7 Metilius \u00b7 Metunus \u00b7 Micianus \u00b7 Mico \u00b7 Micon \u00b7 Milonius \u00b7 Minervalis \u00b7 Minianus \u00b7 Minicianus \u00b7 Moderatus \u00b7 Molacus \u00b7 Momus \u00b7 Montanus \u00b7 Montaus \u00b7 Mordanticus \u00b7 Mucianus \u00b7 Muco \u00b7 Muncius \u00b7 Murena \u00b7 Mus \u00b7 Musa \u00b7 Musicus \u00b7 Mutilus \u00b7 Mutius \u00b7 Nabor \u00b7 Naevius \u00b7 Narcissus \u00b7 Narses \u00b7 Nasica \u00b7 Naso \u00b7 Natalinus \u00b7 Natalis \u00b7 Naucratius \u00b7 Nazarius \u00b7 Nectaridus \u00b7 Nelius \u00b7 Nemesianus \u00b7 Nemnogenus \u00b7 Neneus \u00b7 Nennius \u00b7 Nepos \u00b7 Nero \u00b7 Nertomarus \u00b7 Nerva \u00b7 Nicasius \u00b7 Nicetius \u00b7 Nigellus \u00b7 Niger \u00b7 Nigidius \u00b7 Nigrinus \u00b7 Niraemius \u00b7 Nolus \u00b7 Nonius \u00b7 Noster \u00b7 Novation \u00b7 Novellius \u00b7 Numianus \u00b7 Numianus \u00b7 Octavian \u00b7 Octavianus \u00b7 Octobrianus \u00b7 Olennius \u00b7 Olympicus \u00b7 Opilio \u00b7 Opimius \u00b7 Description \u00b7 Optatus \u00b7 Orientalis \u00b7 Orientius \u00b7 Orissus \u00b7 Orosius \u00b7 Osterianus \u00b7 Otho \u00b7 Ovinus \u00b7 Pacatianus \u00b7 Pachomius \u00b7 Pacuvianus \u00b7 Paenula \u00b7 Paetinus \u00b7 Paetus \u00b7 Palicamus \u00b7 Pampus \u00b7 Pansa \u00b7 Pantensus \u00b7 Panther \u00b7 Panthera \u00b7 Papinian \u00b7 Papus \u00b7 Paratus \u00b7 Parnesius \u00b7 Pascentius \u00b7 Pastor \u00b7 Paterculus \u00b7 Paternus \u00b7 P atiens \u00b7 Patricius \u00b7 Paulinus \u00b7 Paullus \u00b7 Pavo \u00b7 Pelagius \u00b7 Pennus \u00b7 Peregrinus \u00b7 Perennis \u00b7 Perpenna \u00b7 Perperna \u00b7 Pertacus \u00b7 Pertinax \u00b7 Petasius \u00b7 Petreius \u00b7 Petronax \u00b7 Petrus \u00b7 Philippus \u00b7 Photius \u00b7 Pictor \u00b7 Pilatus \u00b7 Pilus \u00b7 Pinarius \u00b7 Piso \u00b7 Pius \u00b7 Placidus \u00b7 Planta \u00b7 Plautis \u00b7 Plautius \u00b7 Plautus \u00b7 Pleminius \u00b7 Pollienus \u00b7 Pollio \u00b7 Polus \u00b7 Polybius \u00b7 Pompolussa \u00b7 Pomponius \u00b7 Poplicola \u00b7 Porcus \u00b7 Porphyrius \u00b7 Postumianus \u00b7 Postumus \u00b7 Potitus \u00b7 Praetextus \u00b7 Prilidianus \u00b7 Primanus \u00b7 Primulus \u00b7 Prusci \u00b7 Pruscius Priscillian \u00b7 Priscillianus \u00b7 Priscus \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/probus\/\">Probus<\/a> \u00b7 Processus \u00b7 Proceus \u00b7 Proculus \u00b7 Propertius \u00b7 Protacius \u00b7 Protus \u00b7 Proxsimus \u00b7 Publianus \u00b7 Publicola \u00b7 Publicus \u00b7 Pudens \u00b7 Pudentius \u00b7 Pulcher \u00b7 Pulcherius \u00b7 Pullus \u00b7 Pusinnus \u00b7 Pustula \u00b7 Quartinus \u00b7 Quarto \u00b7 Quatruus Quietus \u00b7 Quintilianus \u00b7 Quintilius \u00b7 Quintillius \u00b7 Quintillus \u00b7 Quiriac \u00b7 Quiricus \u00b7 Quirinalis \u00b7 Ramio \u00b7 Ra mirus \u00b7 Ravilla \u00b7 Reburrus \u00b7 Rectus \u00b7 Regillus \u00b7 Reginus \u00b7 Regulus \u00b7 Remigius \u00b7 Remus \u00b7 Renatus \u00b7 Respectus \u00b7 Restitutus \u00b7 Rex \u00b7 Ripanus \u00b7 Rogatus \u00b7 Rogelius \u00b7 Romanus \u00b7 Romulianus \u00b7 Romulus \u00b7 Roscius \u00b7 Rufinianus \u00b7 Rufinus \u00b7 Rufrius \u00b7 Rufus \u00b7 Rufus \u00b7 Rufus Ruricius \u00b7 Ruso \u00b7 Rusticus \u00b7 Rutilianus \u00b7 Sabellius \u00b7 Sabinianus \u00b7 Sabinus \u00b7 Sacerdos \u00b7 Saenus \u00b7 Salinator \u00b7 Salonianus \u00b7 Saloninus \u00b7 Salonius \u00b7 Salvian \u00b7 Salvianus \u00b7 Salvius \u00b7 Sanctus \u00b7 Sandilianus \u00b7 Sanga \u00b7 Sarimarcus \u00b7 Sarrius \u00b7 Saturninus \u00b7 Saunio \u00b7 Scanio \u00b7 Scanio \u00b7 Scanio Scaro \u00b7 Scato \u00b7 Scaurus \u00b7 Schlerus \u00b7 Scipio \u00b7 Scribonianus \u00b7 Scrofa \u00b7 Sebastianus \u00b7 Secundas \u00b7 Segestes \u00b7 Sejanus \u00b7 Sellic \u00b7 Seneca \u00b7 Senecianus \u00b7 Senecio \u00b7 Senilis \u00b7 Senopianus \u00b7 Sentius \u00b7 Septimianus \u00b7 Sergius \u00b7 Seronatus \u00b7 Serranus \u00b7 Sertorius \u00b7 Servanus Servilius \u00b7 Seuso \u00b7 Severlinus \u00b7 Severus \u00b7 Sevso \u00b7 Siculus \u00b7 Sidonius \u00b7 Sigilis \u00b7 Silanus \u00b7 Silius \u00b7 Silo \u00b7 Silus \u00b7 Silvanus \u00b7 Similis \u00b7 Simo \u00b7 Simplicianus \u00b7 Siricus \u00b7 Sisenna \u00b7 Sisinnius \u00b7 Sita \u00b7 Sollemnis \u00b7 Sorex \u00b7 Sorio \u00b7 Sosius \u00b7 Sotericus \u00b7 Soulinus \u00b7 Sparticus \u00b7 Spendius \u00b7 Speratus \u00b7 Statius \u00b7 Stichus \u00b7 Strabo \u00b7 Sudrenus \u00b7 Suilius \u00b7 Sulinus \u00b7 Sulla \u00b7 Superbus \u00b7 Superstes \u00b7 Sura \u00b7 Surinus \u00b7 Surius \u00b7 Surus \u00b7 Sylla \u00b7 Sylvian \u00b7 Sylvius \u00b7 Symmachus \u00b7 Symphorian \u00b7 Sympronian \u00b7 Synistor \u00b7 Synnodus \u00b7 Tacitus \u00b7 Taenaris \u00b7 Tancinus \u00b7 Tanicus \u00b7 Tarquinius \u00b7 Tarsicius \u00b7 Tasius \u00b7 Tatian \u00b7 Taurinus \u00b7 Terente \u00b7 Tertullian \u00b7 Tertullianus \u00b7 Tertulus \u00b7 Tetricus \u00b7 Tetullianus \u00b7 Thrasea \u00b7 Tiberillus \u00b7 Tiberinus \u00b7 Tibullus \u00b7 Tiburs \u00b7 Tiburtius \u00b7 Ticinius \u00b7 Titianus \u00b7 Titillus \u00b7 Torquatus \u00b7 Toutius \u00b7 Traianus \u00b7 Trailus \u00b7 Tranio \u00b7 Tranquillus \u00b7 Trebellibon \u00b7 Tremorinus \u00b7 Trenico \u00b7 Trenus \u00b7 Triarius \u00b7 Trifer \u00b7 Triferus \u00b7 Trimalchio \u00b7 Trogus \u00b7 Trupo \u00b7 Tuccianu s \u00b7 Tuditanus \u00b7 Tullius \u00b7 Tullas \u00b7 Tullius \u00b7 Turibius \u00b7 Turpilianus \u00b7 Turpilinus \u00b7 Turpilias \u00b7 Tuticanus \u00b7 Tutor \u00b7 Typhoeus \u00b7 Tyranus \u00b7 Ulfila \u00b7 Ulixes \u00b7 Ulpianus \u00b7 Umbonius \u00b7 Urbicus \u00b7 Ursacius \u00b7 Ursinus \u00b7 Ursus \u00b7 Uticensis Valentinus \u00b7 Valerian \u00b7 Valerianus \u00b7 Valgus \u00b7 Varialus \u00b7 Varro \u00b7 Varus \u00b7 Vatia \u00b7 Vedrix \u00b7 Vegetius \u00b7 Velius \u00b7 Velus \u00b7 Venantius \u00b7 Venator \u00b7 Ventor \u00b7 Venustinius \u00b7 Vepgenus \u00b7 Veranius \u00b7 Verecundus \u00b7 Vergilius \u00b7 Verinus \u00b7 Verres \u00b7 Verrucosis \u00b7 Verullus Verus \u00b7 Vespasianus \u00b7 Vespillo \u00b7 Vestinus \u00b7 Vestorius \u00b7 Vetranio \u00b7 Vettonianus \u00b7 Veturius \u00b7 Viator \u00b7 Vibennis \u00b7 Vibius \u00b7 Vibullius \u00b7 Victor \u00b7 Victorinus \u00b7 Victricius \u00b7 Vincentius \u00b7 Vindex \u00b7 Vinicianus \u00b7 Vipsanius \u00b7 Virginius \u00b7 Viridio \u00b7 Vitalinus \u00b7 Virion Vitalis \u00b7 Vitoricus \u00b7 Vitulus \u00b7 Vitus \u00b7 Vocula \u00b7 Volturcius \u00b7 Volusenus \u00b7 Volusianus \u00b7 Vonones \u00b7 Vopiscus \u00b7 Votepor ix \u00b7 Vulso \u00b7 Zeno \u00b7 Zoilus \u00b7 Zosimus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #f2ebeb;\">\n<p class=\"podtytul\">AGNOMEN<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"male3\"><em>Africanus \u00b7 Allobrogicus \u00b7 Asiaticus \u00b7 Atticus \u00b7 Augustus<\/em> (for Emperors) <em>&#8211; Balearicus \u00b7 Briganticus \u00b7 Britannicus \u00b7 Caligula \u00b7 Creticus \u00b7 Dalmaticus \u00b7 Gaetulicus \u00b7 Gallicus \u00b7 Germanicus \u00b7 Helveticus \u00b7 Imperator \u00b7 Isauricus \u00b7 Italicus \u00b7 Macedonicus \u00b7 Nasica \u00b7 Nero \u00b7 Numidicus \u00b7 Paulus \u00b7 Sparticus<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As we know, the Romans had a lot of names that were given because of either the family they came from or because of the characteristics they had. At some point in Rome, there was a fashion for having a surname of several members. A person with a lot of names and nicknames was respected [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":111783,"parent":41296,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-55678","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/55678","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=55678"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/55678\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/41296"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/111783"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=55678"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}