{"id":76716,"date":"2020-09-01T21:16:33","date_gmt":"2020-09-01T19:16:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/?page_id=76716"},"modified":"2020-09-01T21:47:28","modified_gmt":"2020-09-01T19:47:28","slug":"military-terms-of-romans","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/military-terms-of-romans\/","title":{"rendered":"Military terms of Romans"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Chapters<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/military-terms-of-romans\/#military-service\" >Military service<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/military-terms-of-romans\/#recruitment\" >Recruitment<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/military-terms-of-romans\/#roman-soldiers\" >Roman soldiers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/military-terms-of-romans\/#military-specialists\" >Military specialists<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/military-terms-of-romans\/#military-officials\" >Military officials<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/military-terms-of-romans\/#military-servants\" >Military servants<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"military-service\"><\/span>Military service<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><em><b>Sacramentum<\/b><\/em> &#8211; holy, military oath of loyalty in Roman legions, sometimes annually;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Sub <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/curiosities\/aquila-roman-legionary-eagle\/\">aquila<\/a><\/b><\/em> (under the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/curiosities\/eagle-symbol-of-rome\/\">eagle<\/a>) &#8211; on active duty;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Sub cura<\/b><\/em> &#8211; looked after;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Sub signis<\/b><\/em> (in line with the standards) in military service;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Sub vexillo<\/b><\/em> (under the flag) &#8211; the veteran was required to serve in lighter duty;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Subsignanus miles<\/b><\/em> &#8211; soldier on active duty;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Constitutio<\/b><\/em> (regulations of service) &#8211; several rules of the military <em>Constitutiones <\/em>that were formulated by the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-constitution\/roman-empire\/roman-emperors\/\">emperors<\/a>, from <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/augustus\/\">Augustus<\/a> to <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/hadrian\/\">Hadrian<\/a>;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Statio<\/b><\/em> &#8211; secondment <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/roman-camp\/\">camp<\/a>, camp;<\/li>\n<li><em><b><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/units-of-roman-army\/beneficiarius\/\">Beneficiarius<\/a><\/b><\/em> (beneficiary) &#8211; either (1) a soldier with special powers, or (2) military police;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Beneficiarius consularis<\/b><\/em> &#8211; soldier attached to the provincial governor&#8217;s staff;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Beneficiarius legati legionis<\/b><\/em> &#8211; the soldier assigned to the commander&#8217;s staff;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Beneficiarius praefecti praetorio<\/b><\/em> &#8211; a soldier serving in the headquarters of the praetorian prefect;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Beneficiarius praefecti Urbis<\/b><\/em> &#8211; a soldier serving in the headquarters of the city prefect;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Beneficiarius procuratoris<\/b><\/em> &#8211; a soldier serving in the proxy&#8217;s staff;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Beneficiarius praefecti proconsulis<\/b><\/em> &#8211; a soldier serving on the staff of a governor appointed by the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-constitution\/roman-republic\/roman-offices\/roman-senate\/\">senate<\/a>;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Beneficiarius sexmestris<\/b><\/em> &#8211; a soldier appointed for six months as <em>beneficiarius<\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Beneficiarius tribuni<\/b><\/em> &#8211; a soldier attached to the staff of the military tribune;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Collatus<\/b><\/em> &#8211; a soldier selected to serve in another unit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"recruitment\"><\/span>Recruitment<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><em><b>Conquisitor<\/b><\/em> &#8211; recruiting officer;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Tiro<\/b><\/em> &#8211; recruit;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Contiro<\/b><\/em> &#8211; colleague recruit;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Murcus<\/b><\/em> &#8211; a potential recruit who cut off his thumb to escape from military service;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Probatoria<\/b><\/em> &#8211; registration (recruitment) document;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Probatus<\/b><\/em> &#8211; recruiter considered fit for service;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Signaculum<\/b><\/em> &#8211; identification disc, worn by recruits;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Adcrescens<\/b><\/em> (youth) &#8211; the legionary&#8217;s offspring, who followed in their father&#8217;s footsteps, and therefore received their rights before entering service (4th century CE);<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Wiatyk<\/b><\/em> (travelling money) &#8211; money spent on a recruit during the initial training period;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Tirocinium<\/b><\/em> &#8211; first recruit campaign.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"roman-soldiers\"><\/span>Roman soldiers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><em><b><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/life-of-a-roman-legionary\/\">Legionary<\/a><\/b><\/em> (soldier) &#8211; each soldier had two weapons: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/equipment-of-roman-legionary\/gladius-roman-sword\/\">gladius<\/a><\/em> (sword) and <em><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/equipment-of-roman-legionary\/pilum\/\">pilum<\/a><\/em> (javelin);<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Gaesatus<\/b><\/em> &#8211; soldier with <em>gaesum<\/em> (iron spear);<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Lanciarius<\/b><\/em> &#8211; soldier with <em>lancea<\/em> (javelin);<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Accensus<\/b><\/em> (reservist) &#8211; light infantry soldier;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Akontistes<\/b><\/em> (javelin thrower) &#8211; light infantry;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Auxiliaris<\/b><\/em> &#8211; <em><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/units-of-roman-army\/auxilia\/\">auxilia<\/a> <\/em>soldier;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Ballistarius<\/b><\/em> &#8211; artilleryman responsible for the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/siege-machines-of-ancient-romans\/ballista\/\">ballista<\/a>;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Bellator<\/b><\/em> (warrior) &#8211; soldier, warrior;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Burgarius<\/b><\/em> &#8211; soldier assigned to <em>burgus<\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Cohortalis<\/b><\/em> &#8211; soldier belonging to the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/military-formations-of-ancient-romans\/cohort\/\">cohort<\/a>;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Collega<\/b><\/em> &#8211; member of the same unit;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Comitatensis<\/b><\/em> &#8211; a soldier belonging to the later <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/\">Roman army<\/a>;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Commanipularis<\/b><\/em> &#8211; friend in arms, colleague;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Discens<\/b><\/em> &#8211; recruit;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Ferentarius<\/b><\/em> &#8211; either (1), Republican Light Armored Legionary, (2) Republican Legionary Repeller, (3) Republican Light Horseman, or (4) Military Servant;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Gregalis<\/b><\/em> (<em>Gregarius<\/em>) (private) &#8211; regular soldier;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Hoplites<\/b><\/em> &#8211; heavy-armed soldier;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Miles<\/b><\/em> &#8211; regular soldier;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Miles cohortis<\/b><\/em> &#8211; soldier belonging to the cohort;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Miles gloriosus<\/b><\/em> (great soldier) &#8211; braggart soldier;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Miles Gregarius<\/b><\/em> (<em>Miles gregalis<\/em>) &#8211; regular soldier;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Miles legionis<\/b><\/em> &#8211; a soldier belonging to a <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/units-of-roman-army\/roman-legion\/\">legion<\/a>, a legionary;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Milex<\/b><\/em> &#8211; soldier;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Manipularis<\/b><\/em> &#8211; Heavy infantry soldier serving in manipulation;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Pedatura<\/b><\/em> &#8211; infantry;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Peditatus<\/b><\/em> &#8211; infantry;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Ped\u00e9s<\/b><\/em> &#8211; infantry;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Scutatus<\/b><\/em> &#8211; a soldier with a larger shield;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Simplaris<\/b><\/em> &#8211; basic <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/pay-of-roman-legionary\/\">wage<\/a> soldier;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Triarius<\/b><\/em> (Tertiary) &#8211; heavy infantry soldier;<\/li>\n<li><em><b><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/units-of-roman-army\/velites\/\">Velites<\/a><\/b><\/em> &#8211; lightly armoured legionaries;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Volones<\/b><\/em> (<em>Volonum<\/em>) &#8211; liberated slaves who enlisted in the army.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"military-specialists\"><\/span>Military specialists<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><em><b>Agaso<\/b><\/em> (<em>Strator<\/em>) &#8211; orderly;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Adiutor<\/b><\/em> &#8211; assistant, orderly;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Arcuarius<\/b><\/em> &#8211; archer;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Interpres<\/b><\/em> &#8211; translator;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Secutor<\/b><\/em> &#8211; bodyguard, orderly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"military-officials\"><\/span>Military officials<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><em><b>Ab Actis<\/b><\/em> &#8211; document officer;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Actarius<\/b><\/em> &#8211; clerk;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Scriba<\/b><\/em> &#8211; scribe;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Adiutor<\/b><\/em> &#8211; assistant, orderly;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Libraria Advisor<\/b><\/em> &#8211; assistant;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Cibariator<\/b><\/em> &#8211; procurement officer;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Exactus<\/b><\/em> &#8211; accountant;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Excerptor<\/b><\/em> &#8211; secretary;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Librarius<\/b><\/em> &#8211; official responsible for the archive;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Notarius<\/b><\/em> &#8211; secretary.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"military-servants\"><\/span>Military servants<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><em><b>Lixa<\/b><\/em> &#8211; military servant, henchman;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Baro<\/b><\/em> &#8211; servant, groom;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Cacula<\/b><\/em> &#8211; servant;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Calo<\/b><\/em> &#8211; groom, servant;<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Galearius<\/b><\/em> &#8211; servant.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Military service Sacramentum &#8211; holy, military oath of loyalty in Roman legions, sometimes annually; Sub aquila (under the eagle) &#8211; on active duty; Sub cura &#8211; looked after; Sub signis (in line with the standards) in military service; Sub vexillo (under the flag) &#8211; the veteran was required to serve in lighter duty; Subsignanus miles [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":76714,"parent":41741,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-76716","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/76716","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=76716"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/76716\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/41741"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/76714"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=76716"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}