{"id":90493,"date":"2021-03-07T17:37:11","date_gmt":"2021-03-07T16:37:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/?page_id=90493"},"modified":"2023-05-14T10:53:03","modified_gmt":"2023-05-14T08:53:03","slug":"roman-helmet","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/equipment-of-roman-legionary\/roman-helmet\/","title":{"rendered":"Roman helmet"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_89 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Chapters<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/equipment-of-roman-legionary\/roman-helmet\/#montefortino-helmet\" >Montefortino helmet<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/equipment-of-roman-legionary\/roman-helmet\/#coolus-helmet\" >Coolus helmet<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/equipment-of-roman-legionary\/roman-helmet\/#gallic-imperial-helmet-galea\" >Gallic imperial helmet (galea)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/equipment-of-roman-legionary\/roman-helmet\/#imperial-italian-helmet\" >Imperial Italian helmet<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/equipment-of-roman-legionary\/roman-helmet\/#dorsal-helmet\" >Dorsal helmet<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/equipment-of-roman-legionary\/roman-helmet\/#helmets-of-other-roman-units\" >Helmets of other Roman units<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-right \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/e80f4a59557b1925e1e076f9df21f1dd-e1512563775690-389x400.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/e80f4a59557b1925e1e076f9df21f1dd-e1512563775690-389x400.jpg 389w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/e80f4a59557b1925e1e076f9df21f1dd-e1512563775690-640x658.jpg 640w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/e80f4a59557b1925e1e076f9df21f1dd-e1512563775690.jpg 1200w\"                alt=\"An example of a Roman Imperial-Gallic helmet (galae)\"\n                width=\"250\"\n                height=\"257\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/e80f4a59557b1925e1e076f9df21f1dd-e1512563775690.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"An example of a Roman Imperial-Gallic helmet (galae).\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                An example of a Roman Imperial-Gallic helmet (<em>galae<\/em>).            <\/div>\n        \n                    <div class=\"chmurka\">\n                \u00a9The Roman Hideout            <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<p>Initially, the Romans used Gallic helmets, hence the name <em>Galea<\/em> (full name <em>cassis-galea<\/em>). Then they started mass-producing their own helmets (<em>cassis<\/em>). This was due to the professionalization of the army (more or less from the time of Marius&#8217;s reform), in which efforts were made to unify the offensive and defensive armaments of the legionaries. This also applied to helmets, which underwent numerous changes and modifications resulting from the use of materials and production techniques as well as functions (helmets of legionaries, helmets of auxiliary units, cavalry helmets).<\/p>\n<p>A Roman helmet (<em>cassis<\/em>) protected the head of a Roman infantryman, tied under the chin with a leather strap. It was made of leather covered with a metal sheet.<br \/>\nThe top of the helmet was strengthened by knobs, rings or a button made of metal that served decorative purposes. On the sides there were movable cheek visors (<em>buccula<\/em>), which were connected with each other with a thong, tied under the chin. A neck protector was attached to the helmet.<\/p>\n<p>Legionnaires wore shawls or scarves around their necks to prevent the armor from rubbing against the naked body. The legionary&#8217;s helmet was <b>decorated with a plume<\/b> with short feathers (<em>iuba<\/em> or <em>crista<\/em>), usually during parades or at times when it was necessary to impress the enemy. Their combs were usually parallel from ear to ear.<br \/>\nCenturions and senior officers wore helmets with three feathers (crosswise comb) or a horse&#8217;s mantle.<\/p>\n<p>During the march, the helmets were worn on the right side of the breast, on a thong placed around the neck. During rest or camp work, the helmets were hung on shields placed on the ground.<\/p>\n<table class=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #f2ebeb;\">\n<p class=\"podtytul\">Types of Roman helmets<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Helm of Montefortino<\/b> (III BCE &#8211; I CE)<\/li>\n<li><b>Helm of Coolus<\/b> (III BCE &#8211; at least CE 79)<\/li>\n<li><b>Imperial Gallic helmet<\/b> (<em>galea<\/em>) (Late I BCE &#8211; Early II CE)<\/li>\n<li><b>Imperial Italian helmet<\/b> (Late 1st BCE &#8211; Early 3rd CE)<\/li>\n<li><b>Dorsal helmet<\/b>, first depicted on the coins of Constantine I from the 4th century CE<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"montefortino-helmet\"><\/span>Montefortino helmet<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-right \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/600px-Helmet_typ_Montefortino_01.jpg\"\n                                alt=\"Montefortino&#039;s helmet\"\n                width=\"200\"\n                height=\"200\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/600px-Helmet_typ_Montefortino_01.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"Montefortino&#8217;s helmet was used from the 3rd century BCE to the 1st CE\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                Montefortino&#8217;s helmet was used from the 3rd century BCE to the 1st CE            <\/div>\n        \n                    <div class=\"chmurka\">\n                Author: MatthiasKabel | Under Creative Commons Attribution license - On the same terms 3.0.            <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<p>Initially, the <b>Montefortino<\/b> type helmet was used, which was used from the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE. These helmets were made of brass or bronze with a convex shape, with a small elongation at the back of the neck. They usually had a plume plug on the tip of the helmet. The Montefortino helmet was derived from the Celtic style. During this time, it was constantly modified. An example is the Hagenau type helmet, which still has the typical shape of a Montefortino, but the protection of the neck has been significantly expanded, the arch above the eyebrows is reinforced, which allows the helmet to be worn more freely when it is not on the head. The soldiers additionally protected their cheeks by wearing metal plates attached to them.<\/p>\n<p>Initially, Roman helmets of this type were heavily decorated, which was due to the fact that the armaments were provided by the citizens themselves while fighting. With the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wojsko\/reforma-wojskowa-mariusza\/\">Marius reforms<\/a> at the end of the 2nd century BCE, armaments were mass-produced and the helmets&#8217; appearance was standardized.<\/p>\n<p>The name of the helmet comes from the Montefortino region in Italy, the place where the first piece of this type was discovered. The find was in a former Celtic burial ground.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"coolus-helmet\"><\/span>Coolus helmet<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-right \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/800px-Musee_Cinquantenaire_Celtic_helmet-267x400.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/800px-Musee_Cinquantenaire_Celtic_helmet-267x400.jpg 267w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/800px-Musee_Cinquantenaire_Celtic_helmet-640x960.jpg 640w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/800px-Musee_Cinquantenaire_Celtic_helmet.jpg 800w\"                alt=\"Roman helmet type coolus\"\n                width=\"250\"\n                height=\"375\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/800px-Musee_Cinquantenaire_Celtic_helmet.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"Roman helmet type coolus.\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                Roman helmet type <em>coolus.<\/em>            <\/div>\n        \n                    <div class=\"chmurka\">\n                Author: Michel wal | Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported            <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<p>In the times of <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/oktawian-august\/\">the reign of Augustus<\/a> mass-produced, cheap and simple in design <b>Coolus helmet<\/b> appeared in as many as nine modifications from A to I. It was actually a copy of the Gallic helmet to which the neck, brimstone and cheek pads were added as a typical Roman distinguishing mark.<\/p>\n<p>The browband was in the form of a metal plate forged from one piece, which additionally strengthened the helmet bell from the front, protecting it against cuts from above. Of course, this had a very practical application. A damaged and cracked headband could be easily replaced while the bell remained intact. The cheek pads, movable on hinges, appropriately contoured, protected the face against cuts from the sides.<\/p>\n<p>However, they left the eyes, mouth and ears exposed, thus enabling visual and verbal communication. The neck is sufficiently elongated and inclined at the right angle, although in the first varieties of Coolus it is completely straight, it protected against attacks on the back of the head and neck. Effective protection against both infantry and enemy cavalry.<\/p>\n<p>The <em>coolus<\/em> helmet has been replaced by the Imperial helmet.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"gallic-imperial-helmet-galea\"><\/span>Gallic imperial helmet (galea)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-right \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/400px-Helmet_centurion_end_of_second_century.jpg\"\n                                alt=\"Contemporary reconstruction of the centurion&#039;s helmet from the 1st century CE\"\n                width=\"250\"\n                height=\"375\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/400px-Helmet_centurion_end_of_second_century.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"Contemporary reconstruction of the centurion&#8217;s helmet from the 1st century CE.\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                Contemporary reconstruction of the centurion&#8217;s helmet from the 1st century CE.            <\/div>\n        \n                    <div class=\"chmurka\">\n                Author: MatthiasKabel | Under Creative Commons Attribution license - On the same terms 3.0.            <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<p>The best <span class=\"underlined\">plants to produce iron helmets were in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/krainy-sasiednie-rzymu\/galia\/\">Gaul<\/a><\/span>. With its conquest by <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/gajusz-juliusz-cezar\/\">Julius Caesar<\/a>, these factories and the craftsmen working in them became part of the Roman Empire. This fact is related to the introduction of another helmet, probably <b>the most characteristic of the Roman military<\/b> the so-called imperial-Gallic (varieties A through K).<\/p>\n<p>The helmet had a deep bell with walls almost vertical at the bottom, brimstone and above it wavy protrusions, the so-called eyebrows, on the back a large cap with a carrying handle, and above it the so-called <b>folds<\/b>. The face part was covered by the cheek pads at the front with openings for the eyes and the mouth at the back for the ears. The number of eyebrows and folds, the angle of the nape and the profile of the cheeks differed from one type to another. These helmets could be decorated with brown rosettes on the cheeks and forged with narrow bronze stripes on the edges.<\/p>\n<p>Some of the helmets used by legionaries had a comb holder. The comb was usually made of a plume or horsehair. Legionnaires with the red color of the comb appear most often in pop culture. Probably, however, this ornament was not only red, but also yellow, purple or black, and in a combination of different colors. Written sources (e.g. Vegetius) or sculptures indicate that the combs were worn longitudinally by ordinary legionaries when the centurions mounted them transversely. The practice of centurions wearing combs spread throughout the early empire; later, such combs were worn only by legionaries and centurions at military parades.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-center \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/helm.jpg\"\n                                alt=\"Imperial-Gallic helmet\"\n                width=\"450\"\n                height=\"250\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/helm.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"Helmet of the Gallic-Imperial type legionary and decorated with a centurion.\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                Helmet of the Gallic-Imperial type legionary and decorated with a centurion.            <\/div>\n        \n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"imperial-italian-helmet\"><\/span>Imperial Italian helmet<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-right \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/g3G1hRS-391x400.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/g3G1hRS-391x400.jpg 391w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/g3G1hRS-640x654.jpg 640w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/g3G1hRS.jpg 800w\"                alt=\"Preserved imperial-Italian helmet\"\n                width=\"250\"\n                height=\"256\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/g3G1hRS.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"Preserved imperial-Italian helmet.\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                Preserved imperial-Italian helmet.            <\/div>\n        \n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<p>In the late 1st century BCE, the legions were equipped with another type of helmet, the so-called <b>Italian imperial helmet<\/b> with its eight modifications from A to I. Initially made of bronze. It referred to the local Samnite and Etruscan traditions, but also had Gallic features. It did not have the so-called eyebrows, may, in some variants, have mounts for putty and plumes made of horsehair. It had movable cheek pads and a large neck. Characteristics for this type of helmet are often appearing decorations in the form of brown appliqu\u00e9s, e.g. houses on the cheek pads or the so-called <em>aedicula<\/em> on the bell or cartouches (<em>tabula ansatae<\/em>) and inscriptions with the name of the helmet owner, affiliation to a specific military unit.<\/p>\n<p>In general, the Imperial-Italian helmet type is very similar to the Imperial-Gallic helmet type. However, it differed in greater simplicity of execution, less decorative character, and was probably produced in Italy. It was in use until the beginning of the 3rd century CE. The earliest specimens come from the Herculaneum, which may suggest that this type of helmet could have been worn by city or praetorian cohorts.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"dorsal-helmet\"><\/span>Dorsal helmet<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-right \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Slem_1.jpg\"\n                                alt=\"The richly decorated dorsal helmet was also found in Novi Sad (Serbia)\"\n                width=\"200\"\n                height=\"299\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Slem_1.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"The richly decorated dorsal helmet was also found in Novi Sad (Serbia); this copy also has decorative jewels.\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                The richly decorated dorsal helmet was also found in Novi Sad (Serbia); this copy also has decorative jewels.            <\/div>\n        \n                    <div class=\"chmurka\">\n                Author: Milens | Under the Creative Commons Attribution license - On the same terms 3.0.            <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<p>In the late 3rd century CE, there was a complete break with the previous types of helmets, which were largely based on the Celtic style. The new Roman armament was based on Sassanid and Sarmatian helmets.<\/p>\n<p>The dorsal helmet was made of more than one element. There was a two-layer or four-layer one, with a characteristic comb in the middle, and small cheek pads hanging on the sides. Many surviving specimens also prove that some helmets had nose protection. An example of a dorsal helmet was found at Intercisa, Hungary, in a dug hole full of 15-20 different helmets. The object was distinguished by height, integrity and an iron crest.<\/p>\n<p>Most of the extant dorsal helmets have decorative elements made of silver-plated iron or some other form of silver or gold plating. A perfect example of a richly decorated helmet is the one found in Deurne (the Netherlands), which has a silver-gold plating and was supposed to belong to a rider with <em>equites stablesiani<\/em>. A richly decorated dorsal helmet was also found in Novi Sad (Serbia); this one also has decorative jewels.<\/p>\n<p>The earliest image of a dorsal helmet is seen on the coins of <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/konstantyn-wielki\/\">Constantine I<\/a> and it is believed that their first use dates back to 270-300 CE. The latest representations of the use of a dorsal helmet can be found on the coins of Constantine III from 409-411 CE.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"helmets-of-other-roman-units\"><\/span>Helmets of other Roman units<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-right \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/400px-Roman_helmet-267x400.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/400px-Roman_helmet-267x400.jpg 267w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/400px-Roman_helmet.jpg 400w\"                alt=\"Roman rider helmet from the 1st century CE Object found in Witcham Gravel, Ely, Cambridgeshire (England)\"\n                width=\"250\"\n                height=\"375\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/400px-Roman_helmet.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"Roman rider helmet from the 1st century CE Object found in Witcham Gravel, Ely, Cambridgeshire (England).\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                Roman rider helmet from the 1st century CE Object found in Witcham Gravel, Ely, Cambridgeshire (England).            <\/div>\n        \n                    <div class=\"chmurka\">\n                Author: Michel wal | Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported            <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<p>Regular Roman infantry was accompanied in the same number by auxiliary units, the so-called <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wojsko\/jednostki-armii-rzymskiej\/auxilia\/\"><em>auxilia<\/em><\/a>, recruited from conquered tribes and all those peoples who did not have Roman citizenship, but was skilled in the military craft and brave they wished after completing After thirty years of service, obtain such citizenship. Apart from the amount of pay, the units of these organized cohorts differed in equipment. Briefly and simply, it was a cheaper and simplified copy of the equipment of regular legionary infantry. Therefore, the helmets of auxiliary departments deserve separate treatment. The auxiliary infantry helmets (available in four varieties, A to D) <b>were much simpler to build<\/b> and <b>devoid of ornamentation<\/b>. Most often they imitated Coolus or Imperial-Gallic helmets. They had a band collar, a neck and mobile cheeks. Sometimes they were given cross-bracing, riveted to the bell (Type C). This invention appeared during the so-called Dack wars (101 &#8211; 106 CE) during <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/trajan\/\">the reign of Trajan<\/a>. It proved to be effective against Dacian scythes (rhomphoi) mounted vertically on a shaft. Such helmets were made by a method known today as drift or manual spinning. The desired shape of a rotating figure was obtained from a disc-shaped piece of metal turned on a wooden or metal mold. A large force was needed to perform, probably obtained by means of the so-called water wheel.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-right \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/hrlm-400x316.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/hrlm-400x316.jpg 400w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/hrlm-640x506.jpg 640w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/hrlm.jpg 736w\"                alt=\"Roman helmet worn by cavalry, dated 150-200 CE Object found in Nijmegen, Netherlands\"\n                width=\"250\"\n                height=\"198\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/hrlm.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"Roman helmet worn by cavalry, dated 150 -200 CE Object found in Nijmegen, the Netherlands.\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                Roman helmet worn by cavalry, dated 150 -200 CE Object found in Nijmegen, the Netherlands.            <\/div>\n        \n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<p>The helmets of archery units mostly of eastern origin had <b>conical shape<\/b> resembling the old Assyrian helmets, but with typical Roman accessories such as cheek pads and neck caps, sometimes made of scales or lamellas attached to fabric or leather.<\/p>\n<p>The auxiliary units also included cavalry squadrons (<em>Cohors Equitata<\/em>). The first truly <b>cavalry helmet<\/b> (classified in nine variations A to I) appeared in the first half. 1st century CE Cavalry helmets were basically based on legionary infantry helmets, with the nape of the neck much extended downwards. Such a helmet had cutouts for the ears and flared cheeks, quite tightly hiding the face, except for the eyes, the nose, and the mouth. Perhaps it was the cavalry helmets that underwent the most visible changes. In the first half of the 2nd century CE, an impressive deep iron helmet (type E from Hedderheim) was introduced with a cross-reinforcement on the bell attached with pointed rivets. He had large cheek pads covering his ears and a jaw that was fastened with a hook. Due to their depth, the necks and cheek pads rested on the rider&#8217;s shoulders. However, this was an acceptable limitation as the rider rarely raised his head high. However, he was well protected during cavalry from blows to the neck and neck. This helmet is richly decorated with bronze fittings. This type of helmet was used by infantry in the 3rd century CE.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Initially, the Romans used Gallic helmets, hence the name Galea (full name cassis-galea). Then they started mass-producing their own helmets (cassis). This was due to the professionalization of the army (more or less from the time of Marius&#8217;s reform), in which efforts were made to unify the offensive and defensive armaments of the legionaries. This [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":40434,"parent":92824,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-90493","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/90493","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=90493"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/90493\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/92824"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40434"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=90493"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}