{"id":63419,"date":"2020-05-25T21:00:22","date_gmt":"2020-05-25T19:00:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/?page_id=63419"},"modified":"2022-10-17T23:05:18","modified_gmt":"2022-10-17T21:05:18","slug":"conquest-of-britain-by-claudius","status":"publish","type":"wojny","link":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wars\/conquest-of-britain-by-claudius\/","title":{"rendered":"Conquest of Britain by Claudius"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Chapters<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wars\/conquest-of-britain-by-claudius\/#background-of-events\" >Background of events<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wars\/conquest-of-britain-by-claudius\/#military-operations-in-the-years-44-60-ce\" >Military operations in the years 44-60 CE<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wars\/conquest-of-britain-by-claudius\/#military-operations-in-the-years-60-78-ce\" >Military operations in the years 60-78 CE<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p>In 43 CE the newly elected <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/claudius\/\">emperor Claudius<\/a>, wanting to legalize his rule, began an invasion of unclaimed Britain. Britain was also considered a particularly attractive land because of the many mines and <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-society\/social-layers-of-ancient-rome\/slavery-in-ancient-rome\/\">slaves<\/a>. The main commander of the operation was <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/aulus-plautius\/\">Aulus Plautius<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"background-of-events\"><\/span>Background of events<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-right \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/800px-Claudius_crop-303x400.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/800px-Claudius_crop-303x400.jpg 303w, https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/800px-Claudius_crop.jpg 600w\"                alt=\"Claudius\"\n                width=\"250\"\n                height=\"330\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/800px-Claudius_crop.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"Claudius claimed himself conqueror of Britain when de facto the entire invasion was commanded by Aulus Plautius.\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                Claudius claimed himself conqueror of Britain when de facto the entire invasion was commanded by <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/aulus-plaucjusz\/\">Aulus Plautius<\/a>.            <\/div>\n        \n                    <div class=\"chmurka\">\n                Author: Marie-Lan Nguyen | Na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa - Na tych samych warunkach 2.5.            <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<p>The unsuccessful <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wojny\/inwazja-cezara-brytanie\/\">attempt to invade Julius Caesar<\/a> in 55-54 BCE on <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/prowincje-rzymskie\/spis-prowincji-rzymskich\/brytania-rzymska\/\">Britain<\/a> caused that for decades the idea of \u200b\u200bconquering the island was not taken or even considered. The situation on the continent in the last years of the life of <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/gaius-julius-caesar\/\">Julius Caesar<\/a>, after his death and during the reign of <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/augustus\/\">Augustus<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Conquest plans revived during the reign of <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/caligula\/\">Caligula<\/a> (37-41 CE), but they were not implemented. <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/swetoniusz\/\">Suetonius<\/a> gave an interesting story in this matter <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/ciekawostka\/wojna-kaliguli-z-posejdonem\/\">an interesting story<\/a>. The island eventually became the prey of <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/klaudiusz\/\">Emperor Claudius<\/a>, wanting to gain military credibility of his authority, undertook an expedition to <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/geografia\/prowincje-rzymskie\/spis-prowincji-rzymskich\/brytania-rzymska\/\">Britain<\/a> in 43 CE. Britain was also considered a particularly attractive land because of the many mines and many slaves. Another reason for the invasion was the shelter of Gallic rebel groups on the island &#8211; thus they remained unpunished against Roman rule.<\/p>\n<p>Officially, the reason for Rome&#8217;s aggression was the desire to bring the fugitive <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-constitution\/roman-kingdom\/roman-kings\/\">king<\/a> of <b> Atrebat<\/b> to Britain, Veryka. Important forces were involved in the war. Four legions (<em>IX Hispan, II Augusta, XIV Gemina<\/em> and <em>XX Valeria Victrix<\/em>, plus about 20,000 auxiliary troops, including the Thracians and Batavians) became the Roman senator <a href=\"\/? page_id=1727\">Aulus Plautius Silvanus<\/a>. Aulus Plautius became the first governor of Britain in the abovementioned 43 CE. Other prominent politicians also took part in the invasion: <em>II Augustus&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/units-of-roman-army\/roman-legion\/\">Legion<\/a><\/em> was commanded by the future <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/vespasian\/\">emperor <b> Vespasian<\/b><\/a>; brother of <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/vespasian\/\">Vespasian<\/a> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/titus-flavius\/\">Titus Flavius<\/a> \u200b\u200bSabinus II; Gnaeus Hosidius <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/geta\/\">Geta<\/a>; and Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-center \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/320px-Roman.Britain.campaigns.43.to_.84.jpg\"\n                                alt=\"Conquest of Britain in 43-84 CE\"\n                width=\"320\"\n                height=\"598\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/320px-Roman.Britain.campaigns.43.to_.84.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"Conquest of Britain in 43-84 CE\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                Conquest of Britain in 43-84 CE            <\/div>\n        \n                    <div class=\"chmurka\">\n                Author: Notuncurious | Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported            <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<p>The main striking force of the Romans divided into three parts. Boulogne was used as a place of reflection of the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/units-of-roman-army\/ancient-romans-naval-fleet\/\">Roman fleet<\/a>, while Rutupiae (now Richborough or the east coast of Kent<sup class=\"footnote\" data-qtip=\"There is heated discussion among historians about the landing site of Roman troops.\" data-footid=\"1\">1<\/sup>) was used. However, none of the locations listed is one hundred percent sure.<\/p>\n<p>Togodumnus and <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/artykul\/karatakus-bryt-ktory-przeciwstawil-sie-rzymskiej-inwazji\/\">Caratacus<\/a>, sons of the deceased king <b> Cunobelinus,<\/b> who controlled the area in south-east England as the leader, led the British tribes resisting the Romans Celtic tribe Catuvellaunich. Major Brit forces encountered the Romans on the river at the place where it is now accepted to claim the city of Rochester. There was a <b> battle on the Medway River<\/b> that lasted two days. During the clash, one of the high-ranking Roman commanders &#8211; Gnaeus Hosidius Geta &#8211; was almost captured. Eventually, he managed to avoid defeat and contributed to the victory of the Romans, for which he was later allowed to take the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-constitution\/roman-triumph\/\">triumph<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-center \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/800px-Roman.Britain.campaigns.43.to_.60.jpg\"\n                                alt=\"Warfare in 43-60 CE\"\n                width=\"700\"\n                height=\"671\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/800px-Roman.Britain.campaigns.43.to_.60.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"Warfare in 43-60 CE\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                Warfare in 43-60 CE            <\/div>\n        \n                    <div class=\"chmurka\">\n                Author: Notuncurious | Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported            <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<p>After the defeat, the Britons withdrew behind the Thames. The Romans chased the enemy into the river. Then came another riverside battle. The Romans launched an attack either on the existing bridge or on the newly built, which, however, was associated with large losses. It is certain that one of the auxiliary troops &#8211; the Batavian infantry &#8211; swam across the river as a special strike force. Shortly after the battle, Togodumnus died.<\/p>\n<p>Plautius managed to capture the southern and central parts of Britain at the moment. The greatest resistance was encountered when trying to capture Camulodunum &#8211; the capital of the state of Cunobelinus. The Roman offensive stopped, and the commander made an official request to Emperor Claudius for help in further surgery. Cassius Dion tells us in his work &#8220;Roman History&#8221; that indeed Plautius was asking the ruler for support in suppressing the agitated army of barbarians. <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/biografie\/swetoniusz\/\">Suetonius<\/a>, in turn, claims that Claudius did not actually fight a battle, but only because Plautius <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-religion\/gods-of-ancient-rome\/list-of-roman-gods\/silvanus\/\">Silvanus<\/a> had done the actual conquest on his behalf before.<\/p>\n<p>Claudius eventually reached the island with adventures.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"center\">\n<p class=\"quote\">On the voyage thither from <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-geography\/roman-cities\/ostia\/\">Ostia<\/a> he was nearly cast away twice in furious north-westers, off Liguria and near the Stoechades islands. Therefore he made the journey from Massilia all the way to Gesoriacum by land, crossed from there, and without any battle or bloodshed received the submission of a part of the island [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p class=\"male3\">&#8211; <b><a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/suetonius\/\">Suetonius<\/a><\/b>, <em>Claudius<\/em>, 17<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>The emperor, in order to increase the strength of his troops, took with him reinforcements and war elephants specially brought from <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-geography\/romes-contacts-with-africa-and-far-east\/\">Africa<\/a>. The <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/battles-of-ancient-rome\/\">battles<\/a> fought on the island quickly brought results, and after a few months &#8211; in 47 CE &#8211; the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-constitution\/roman-republic\/roman-offices\/roman-senate\/\">Senate<\/a> guaranteed Claudius the right of <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-constitution\/roman-triumph\/\">triumph<\/a> and Aulus an ovation. Of course, Claudius attributed himself to success, and as a symbol of victory &#8220;he set a naval crown on the gable of the Palace beside the civic crown, as a sign that he had crossed and, as it were, subdued the Ocean&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>The governor of Britain and its actual conqueror &#8211; Aulus Plautius Silvanus managed the southern part of the island from 43 to 47 CE. He founded the province, founded a colony of veterans in the captured Camulodunum and subdued the lands belonging to the Roman submissive king Cogidumnus. Thus, southern and central Britain came under Roman rule, the rest remained independent.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"ramka_ze_zdjeciem float-center \"\n         style=\"\">\n\n        <div class=\"zdjecie\">\n            <img\n                class=\"ramka-ze-zdjeciem\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/800px-British.coinage.Roman_.invasion.jpg\"\n                                alt=\"Campaigns of Aulus Plautius\"\n                width=\"700\"\n                height=\"670\"\n               \n               \n            \/>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/800px-British.coinage.Roman_.invasion.jpg\"\n               rel=\"fancybox\"\n               title=\"Campaigns of Aulus Plautius that aimed to subordinate the wealthiest regions of Britain.\">\n                <div class=\"iover\">\n                    <div class=\"zicon\">\n                        <i class=\"fa fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <div class=\"opis\">\n                                Campaigns of Aulus Plautius that aimed to subordinate the wealthiest regions of Britain.            <\/div>\n        \n                    <div class=\"chmurka\">\n                Author: Notuncurious | Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported            <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n    \n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"military-operations-in-the-years-44-60-ce\"><\/span>Military operations in the years 44-60 CE<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>After conquering the most valuable, from an economic point of view, lands of south-east Britain, some Roman troops &#8211; under the leadership of Vespasian &#8211; went west to conquer other lands and local centres, the so-called <em>oppidi<\/em>. Most likely, the leader with his legions reached Bodmin. Then the <em>IX Hispana<\/em> legion went alone north to <em>Lindum Colonia<\/em> (now Lincoln). Probably, within four years of the invasion, the Romans owned the area south of Humber to the Severn River.<\/p>\n<p>With the assumption of governorship in Britain by Publius Ostorius Scapula, the next stage of hostilities began. Fights were fought for the areas of today&#8217;s Wales and the current so-called Cheshire plain. Scapula ultimately failed to conquer all the lands of the Silures tribe, but the Kang tribe of central Wales were conquered, reaching the Irish Sea. The main purpose of the Roman general was to capture the British commander Caradoc (the Welsh version of the name <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/article\/caratacus-british-warrior-who-resisted-roman-invasion\/\">Caratacus<\/a>) who fled to Wales after a defeat at the Battle of the Medway. In the year 50 CE, the Romans began another campaign in Wales against Britain. Caradac gathered 30,000 warriors from the Celtic tribes of Ordoviks, Deceangels, Demets, Komovs and Silurians. Briton troops took positions behind the Severn River, crossing the valley of the same name. About 22,000 Romans were against each other. The battle turned out to be victorious for the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/\">Roman army<\/a>. In total, the battle took the lives of thousands of Britons, and members of the Caradoc family were also captured. He managed to escape from the battlefield again and take refuge in the mountains with local druids. The tribe he hid with turned out to be allied with the Romans. The local queen Cartimandua decided to release Caratacusa.<\/p>\n<p>Soon, Ostorius died, and his place was taken by Aulus Didius Gallus, who largely did not extend the borders of the province. After the Roman throne was taken over by <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/nero\/\">Nero<\/a>, further actions were taken to conquer the island. Quintus Veranius Nepos became the administrator of Britain. He and his future successor in the position of Gaius Suetonius Paulinus conquered and destroyed the centre of druidism (banned by Claudius) on the island of Mona in 60 CE The occupation of Wales was postponed, however, because the Romans had to face a large <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/wojny\/powstanie-boudiki\/\">the rebellion of British tribes<\/a>, headed by a certain <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wars\/uprising-of-boudicca\/\">Boudicca<\/a>. The uprising, though choked, forced the Romans to return to the east-south of Britain.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"military-operations-in-the-years-60-78-ce\"><\/span>Military operations in the years 60-78 CE<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The suppression of <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/curiosities\/boudica-warrior-queen-of-celts\/\">Boudica<\/a> rebellion meant that subsequent governors conquered north. Only when Cartimandua, mentioned earlier, asked the Romans for help in defeating her husband Venutuius, did the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-army\/roman-command\/\">Roman command<\/a> decide to fight in the west. Quintus Petillius Cerialis headed the legions marched out of Lincoln and defeated Venutuius near Stanwick around the year 70 CE. In 74 CE, Cerialis was replaced by Sextus Julius Frontinus, who subordinated the Roman authority of the Silures tribe, established the legion of the <em>II <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/augustus\/\">Augustus<\/a><\/em> legion in Caerleon and built a whole network of camps in the lands of Wales. In 78 CE, Frontinus left office.<\/p>\n<p>The conquest of Britain was never fully completed because the northernmost territories &#8211; the so-called Caledonia &#8211; was inhabited by the people of <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/roman-geography\/neighboring-lands-around-ancient-rome\/picts\/\">Picts<\/a> who never succumbed to Roman domination. At the end of the first century CE, the war campaign in these lands (present-day <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/discoveries\/roman-artifacts-at-fort-annex-scotland\/\">Scotland<\/a>) was led by <a href=\"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/biographies\/gnaeus-julius-agricola\/\">Julius Agricola<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":38246,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"kategorie_wojen":[],"class_list":["post-63419","wojny","type-wojny","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wojny\/63419","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wojny"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/wojny"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wojny\/63419\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/38246"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=63419"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"kategorie_wojen","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperiumromanum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategorie_wojen?post=63419"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}