Frumentatio – distribution of grain in ancient Rome

Frumentatio was one of the most important food distribution programs in ancient Rome, which played a key role in ensuring the social and political stability of the empire. It consisted of distributing free or subsidized grain (mainly unmilled wheat) to the Roman population, especially in Rome itself, where the problem of hunger could lead to riots and destabilization of the political scene.

This program was initiated by Gaius Gracchus in the 2nd century BCE but reached its full form during the reign of Emperor Octavian Augustus (27 BCE – 14 CE), who organized a systematic distribution of grain, helping to maintain the loyalty of the plebs to the government. Sources of grain came primarily from conquered provinces, especially Egypt and North Africa, which were the “granaries” of Rome.

Frumentatio was not only a political tool but also an expression of Rome’s power. Managing such an extensive supply network requires excellent organization and logistics. Grain ships, ports and storage infrastructure were integral to the success of this program. Roman rulers realized that providing food for the population was a key element of maintaining power – the motto “bread and circuses” perfectly reflected the meaning of their policy.