In ancient Rome, spells and curses were written on thin lead tablets called defixiones. The Romans used them to curse a rival for reasons of love, rivalry, or pure envy. The tablets were often placed in tombs, wells, or temples to “send” a message to the underworld.
Some of these curses included the names of specific individuals and detailed wishes for misfortune. Dozens of such tablets have been found in Pompeii, attesting to their widespread use despite prohibitions.
